Schools of Modern Linguistics 现 代 语 言 学 流 派.docx
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Schools of Modern Linguistics 现 代 语 言 学 流 派.docx
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SchoolsofModernLinguistics现代语言学流派
SchoolsofModernLinguistics现代语言学流派
FerdinanddeSaussureandhisWork
▪fatherofmodernlinguistics
▪establishthestructuralstudyoflanguage
▪emphasizethearbitrarynatureoflinguisticsign
▪emphasizetherelationalnatureoflanguageunits
▪makeseveralpairsofdistinctions
▪Saussure’smostinfluentialwork:
CourseinGeneralLinguistics(1916)
▪givedefinitionoflanguage
▪outlinethescopeoflinguistics
▪presentprinciplesforphonologyandwritingsystems
▪Generalprinciples
▪Synchroniclinguistics
▪Diachroniclinguistics
▪Geographicallinguistics
▪Retrospectivelinguistics
TheArbitraryNatureoftheLinguisticSigns
▪ languageasasystemofsigns:
thesignasaunionofthesignifierandthesignified
▪nonaturalorinevitableconnectionbetweenthesignifierandthesignified
▪anarbitrarywayoforganizingtheworldintoconceptsandcategories
▪twoimportantcharacteristicsoflinguisticsigns:
▪thearbitraryrelationbetweenthesignifierandthesignified
▪thelinearnatureofthesignified
TheRelationalNatureofLanguageUnits
⏹noessentialcoreofmeaningforasignifiedtobethepropersignifiedforthatsignifier
⏹signifiersasmembersofsystemdefinedbytheirrelationstotheothermembersofthatsystem
⏹languageunitsasrelationalidentity
⏹thecomparisonbetweenlanguageandchess
Saussure’sDichotomies
⏹Langueandparole
⏹Synchronicanddiachroniclinguistics
⏹Syntagmaticandparadigmaticrelations
LangueandParole
▪Langueisthesystemofalanguage
▪itiswhattheindividualassimilateswhenhelearnsalanguage;
▪itissocialandabstract;
▪Itenablesthemembersofaspeechcommunitytocommunicatelinguistically.
▪Paroleisactualspeech
▪itisindividualandconcrete;
▪itistherealizationofthelanguagesystem.
Distinctionbetweenlangueandparole
⏹separatewhatissocialfromwhatisindividualandwhatisessentialfromaccidental
⏹leadtothedistinctionbetweenphoneticsandphonology
⏹phoneticsstudiesspeechsoundsfromaphysicalpointofview
⏹phonologystudiesthefunctionalunitswithinthelinguisticsystem
⏹leadtothedistinctionbetweenutteranceandsentence
⏹anutteranceisaunitofparole
⏹asentenceisaunitoflangue
SynchronicandDiachronicLinguistics
⏹Synchroniclinguistics:
concernedwithlanguageatonepointintime
⏹Diachroniclinguistics:
concernedwiththedevelopmentorevolutionoflanguage
⏹Distinctionbetweensynchronicanddiachronicstudy:
synchronicstudyisgivenpriority
⏹therecannotbelogicalcomparisonsordiachronicstudieswithoutsynchronicstudies
⏹notionoflanguagechangeshouldbecarefullyused
⏹thereisacloseconnectionbetweenthestudyofdiachronicchangeandsynchronicvariation
SyntagmaticandParadigmaticRelations
⏹Syntagmaticrelations:
⏹relationsalinguisticelemententersintowithotherelementsinaserialorlinearstructureinwritingorinthetemporalstreamofspeech
⏹relationsofcooccurrence
⏹relationsthatlinkthewholestructuretoitspartsandviceversa
⏹Paradigmaticrelations:
⏹relationsthatobtainbetweenelements
⏹Priorityisgiventoparadigmaticrelationsinmodernlinguistics.
Saussure’sContributionstoSemiotics
⏹Bethefirsttodefinethesymbolicnatureofhumanlanguage.
⏹Sign:
anintersectionorrelationshiporformandmeaning,whereformissomethingconcrete,andmeaningissomethingmentalorcognitive.
⏹Threetypesofsigns:
icon,index,andsymbol.
⏹Icon:
asignwhoseformhasactualcharacteristicsofitsmeaning;
⏹Index:
asignwhoseformhascharacteristicswhichareonlyassociatedinnaturewithitsmeaning;
⏹Symbol:
asignwhoseformisarbitrarilyorconventionallyassociatedwithitsmeaning.
Saussure’sContributionstoSemiotics
⏹withrespecttothestudyofthesyntacticandsemanticdimensionsoftexts
⏹arichworkinghypothesisdemonstratingthesystematiccharacteroflanguage(orliterature)ateachparticularperiodoflife
⏹Theapplicationofthetwocategoriesofparoleandlanguetoliterature
ChapterTwoEuropeanFunctionalismThePragueSchool
Introduction
♦oneofthemostinfluentialschoolsoflinguisticthoughtinpre-warlinguistics
♦theapproachtothestudyoflanguageasasynchronicsystem
♦theimportanceofthesocialfunctionoflanguage
♦threepointsareofspecialimportance:
–thesynchronicstudyoflanguage
–emphasisonthesystemiccharacteroflanguage
ContributionsofThePragueSchool
♦distinctionbetweenphoneticsandphonology
–phoneticsbelongstoparole
–phonologybelongstolangue
–thenotionofthephonemeasanabstractunitofthesoundsystem
♦thefunctionalconceptionoflanguageasmanifestedintheanalysisofsentences
–Mathesius’sdistinctionbetweentheme&rheme
•thetheme,whichisafactorfactsalreadyknown
•therheme,whichcontainsallthenewinformationtobetransmitted
–others’investigationofthefunctionsoflanguage
PhonologyandPhonologicalOppositions
♦Trubetzkov’sdistinctionbetweenphoneticsandphonology
♦Trubetzkov’snotionofphoneme
–ithasdiscriminativepower
–itcannotbeanalyzedintosmallersegments
–itcanonlybedeterminedbydistinctivefeatures
♦phonemesasbeingcomposedofanumberofphonologicallysignificantdistinctivefeatures
PhonologyandPhonologicalOppositions
♦Trubetzkov’sninephonologicaloppositions:
–Bilateralopposition(双边对立)
–Multilateralopposition(多变对立)
–Proportionalopposition(均衡对立)
–Isolatedopposition(孤立对立)
–Privativeopposition(否定对立)
–Gradualopposition(分级对立)
–Equipollentopposition(等价对立)
–Neutralizableopposition(抵消对立)
–Constantopposition(永恒对立)
Trubetzkov’sContributionstoPhonologicalTheory
♦distinctivefunctionsofspeechsoundsandanaccuratedefinitionforthephoneme
♦thesphereofphonologicalstudies
♦theinterdependentrelationsbetweenphonemes
♦methodologiesforphonologicalstudies
Jokobson’sConceptofDistinctiveFeatures
♦Thedistinctivefeaturesareexplicitlyregardedasbinarychoicesandhencetheycouldbelistedaspairedoppositions,e.g.‘vocality’v.‘consonantality’,‘vocality’v.‘non-vocality’.
♦Thesefeaturesweredefinedwithreferencenotonlytoarticulatorypositionsbutalsotoacousticpropertiesofspeech-sounds.
♦Itwashopedthattheproposedlistofdistinctivefeatureswouldbeuniversal.
FunctionalSentencePerspective(FSP)
♦InterestsinFSP:
–Mathesius(1924,1939)
–Firbas(1960’s)
–Halliday(1967,1968,1970)
♦DefinitionandscopeofFSP:
–ananalysisofutterancesortextsintermsoftheinformationtheycontain
–theeffectofthedistributionofknown(orgiven)informationandnewinformationindiscourse.
♦Firbas’snotionofCommunicativeDynamism(CD):
–Linguisticcommunicationisnotastaticbutadynamicphenomenon.
–CDismeanttomeasuretheamountofinformationanelementcarriesinasentence(e.g.Hewasangry.)
–Thevariouselementsofanutteranceisthoughttohavevaryingdegreesofcommunicativedynamism.
Firbas:
conceptof“context”
♦区分了四种语境:
–交际双方共有的经验知识(一般语境);
–语言交际正在进行时的直接语境(范围稍窄);
–刚刚出现的上文(范围更窄);
–句子本身(范围最窄,“语境依赖”指的是这种语境)。
ThematicProgressioninDiscourse
♦Danes(1974)suggeststhatthemehastwofunctions:
–Connectingbackandlinkingintothepreviousdiscourse
–Servingasapointofdepartureforthefurtherdevelopmentofthediscourse
♦Danes(1974)proposesthreemaintypesofthematicprogression(TP):
–SimplelinearTP
–TPwithacontinuous(constant)theme
–TPwithderivedTs
TheCopenhagenSchool
♦LouisHjelmslev(1899-1965)
–whoconstitutedtheCopenhagenLinguisticCircleinthemid-1930s
–whodevelopedanapproachtolinguisticsknownasGlossematics(语符学)orNeo-SaussureanLinguistics
♦Relationalgrammar:
Linguisticscandescribeonlyrelations––ormoreprecisely,dependencesorfunctions––betweenitems.
–threetypesoffunctions
–planesoflanguage
ThefocusofGlossematics:
threetypesoffunction
♦interdependence(依存关系):
ApresupposesB,andBpresupposesA
♦determination(决定关系):
ApresupposesB,butBdoesnotpresupposesA
♦constellation(共存关系):
AdoesnotpresupposesB,andBdoesnotpresupposeA
Planesoflanguage
♦Twodistinctionsoflanguage:
–Formvssubstance:
theoveralllinguisticstructurevsthephysicalrealizationoflanguage(phonicorgraphicsubstance)
–Contentvsexpression:
meaningvsspeech-soundorwriting
♦four‘strata’ofthedistinctions:
–content-substance
–content-form
–expression-form
–expression-substance.
FrenchFunctionalism
♦Function:
–theidentification&classificationoflinguisticunits
–thedescriptionoflinguisticstructure
–theexplanationofscopeandregularitiesoflanguagechange
♦Twotypesoffunction:
–thefunctionlanguageinhumaninteraction
–thefunctionalinguisticunitincontrasttootherunitsateachlevelofanalysis
♦Principleofeconomy
–theneedsofcommunication
–humaninertia
Martinet’sContributions
♦语言观:
♦交际功能是语言的“中心功能”
♦将功能主义贯穿于语言研究的各个方面:
–语言事实的确定
–语言单位的划分
–语言结构的分析
–语言演变的描述
♦经济原则:
–概念:
经济省力和成功表达思想的平衡
–应用:
语音变化的基本规律;语言运作的基本原则。
HollandFunctionalism:
SimonDik’sFunctionalGrammar:
♦Afunctionalviewoflanguage:
–ittakesafunctionalviewoflanguage;
–itattachesprimaryimportancetofunctionalrelationsatdifferentlevelsintheorganizationofgrammar;
–itwishestobepracticallyapplicabletotheanalysisofdiverseaspectsoflanguageandlanguageuse.
HollandFunctionalism:
SimonDik’sFunctionalGrammar:
♦Threetypesorlevelsoffunction:
–Semanticfunction(Agent,Goal,Recipient,etc.),whichdefinetherolesthatparticipantsp
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