英美文化.docx

英美文化.docx

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英美文化

AnOutlineofBritishLiteraryHistory

（1）EarlyandMedievalEnglishLiterature

1.Beowulf,epicinoldBriton

2.Romance

3.Ballads

4.GeoffreyChaucer,thefounderofEnglishpoetry,“TheCanterburyTales”

（2）TheEnglishRenaissance（16th—firsthalfof17th）

1.CharacteristicofRenaissance:

1）athirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliterature;2）

keeninterestintheactivitiesofhumanity（humanism）

2.ThomasMore,thegreatestoftheEnglishhumanists,“Utopia”

3.Poetsinthisperiod:

（Thesonnet,anexactformofpoetryin14linesofiambic

pentameterintricatelyrhymed,wasintroducedtoEnglandfromItalybySir

ThomasWyattandHenryHoward）

①SirPhilipSidney（1554-86）,lovesonnets:

“AstrophelandStella”

②WalterRaleigh（1552-1618）,“DiscoveryofGuiana”

③EdmundSpenser（1552-99）,“TheShepherd’sCalendar”（apastoralpoemin

12books）;“TheFaerieQueene”（hismasterpiecededicatedtoQueen

Elizabeth）.HeisthefirstmastertomakeModernEnglishthenaturalmusicof

hispoeticeffusions.

④JohnLyly（1554-1606）,aromancewriterforthegentlereader,“Euphues”

4.ProseWriter:

FrancisBacon（1561-1626）,“Essays”（58ones）.Itcoversawide

varietyofsubjects,suchaslove,truth,friendship,parentsandchildren,beauty,

studies,riches,youthandage,garden,death,andmanyothers.Theyhavewon

popularityfortheirprecision,clearness,brevityandforce.

5.Drama（thehighestgloryofEnglishRenaissance）

①universitywits:

Lyly,Peele,Marlowe,Greene,LodgeandNash.Theymade

rapidprogressindramatictechniquebecausetheyhadaclosecontactwiththe

actorsandaudience.

②ChristopherMarlowe（1564-93）:

1）Tamburlaine;2）TheJewofMalta;3）

DoctorFaustus

③BenJonson（1572-1637）:

1）EverymaninHisHumor;2）Volpone,orthe

Fox”;3）TheAlchemist;

④WilliamShakespeare

FourTragedies:

1）Hamlet2）Othello3）KingLear4）Macbeth

Celebratedcomedies:

1）TheMerchantofVenice2）TheTamingofthe

Shrew3）AMidsummerNight’sDream4）All’sWellThatEndsWellother

celebratedones:

1）TitusAndronicus2）RomeoandJuliet3）HenryV

4）TwelfthNight5）JuliusCaesar6）TimonofAthens7）TheTempest

8）AntonyandCleopatra

（3）TheNeoclassicalPeriod

1.JohnMilton（1608-1674）:

1）ParadiseLost2）ParadiseRegained3）Samson

Agonistes

2.JohnBunyan（1628-1688）:

ThePilgrim’sProgress

3.MetaphysicalPoets（mysticismincontentandfantasticalityinform）:

1）John

Donne（1572-1631）,thefounderoftheMetaphysicalschoolofpoetry.2）George

Herbert（1593-1633）,“thesaintoftheMetaphysicalschool”,singsthegloryof

God3）AndrewMaevell,aPuritan

4.JohnDryen（1631-1700）:

1）AllforLove（atragedy）2）AnEssayofdramatic

Poesy（Itestablishedhispositionastheleadingcriticoftheday.）

5.RichardSteele（1672-1729）,arepresentativeoftheEnlightenmentinEnglish

literature,thefounderof“TheTatler”（anewspaper）

6.JosephAddison（1672-1719）,anotherrepresentativeoftheEnlightenmentin

Englishliterature,thefounderof“TheSpectator”（adailypaper）

7.AlexanderPope（1688-1744）,themostimportantpoetandclassicistinthefirst

halfofthe18thcentury.1）EssayonCriticism（didacticpoeminheroiccouplets）

2）TheRapeoftheLock3）Pope’sHomer（histranslationof“Illiad”andhalfof

“Odyssey”inheroiccouplets）

8.JonathanSwift（1667-1745）:

Gulliver’sTravels

9.DanielDefoe（1660-1731）:

1）RobinsonCrusoe2）CaptainSingleton3）Moll

Flanders4）ColonelJacque

10.SamuelRichardson（1680-1761）:

Pamela,or,VirtueRewarded

11.HenryFielding（1707-1754）:

1）TomJones2）JosephAndrews

12.TobiasSmollett（1721-1771）:

RoderickRandom

13.LaurenceSterne（1713-1768）:

1）TristramShandy2）ASentimentalJourney

14.RichardBrinsleySheridan（1751-1816）,aplaywright:

TheSchoolforScandal

15.SamuelJohnson（1709-1784）,alexicographercriticandpoet:

Dictionary

16.OliverGoldsmith（1730-1774）:

TheVicarofWakefield

17.EdwardGibbon,historian:

TheDeclineandFalloftheRomanEmpire

Appendix:

Classicism:

itisaliterarytrendthatdominatedFrenchliteratureinthe17thand18th

centuries,withasignificantinfluenceonEnglishwriting,especiallyfrom1660to

1780.TheclassicistsmodeledthemselvesonGreekandLatinauthors,andtriedto

controlliterarycreationbysomefixedlawsandrulesdrawnfromGreekandLatin

works.

（4）SentimentalismandPre-RomanticisminPoetry

SentimentalistpoetrymarksthemidwayinthetransitionfromclassicismtoitsoppositeRomanticisminEnglishpoetry.Dissatisfiedwithreason,whichclassicistsappealedto,sentimentalismappealedtosentiment,“tothehumanheart”.Sentimentalismturnedtothecountrysideforitsmaterial,andsoisinstrikingcontrasttoclassicism,whichhadconfineditselftotheclubsanddrawing-rooms,andtothesocialandpoliticallifeofLondon.

Sentimentalism

1.ThomasGray（1716-1771）:

ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard

2.WilliamCowper（1731-1800）:

TheTask（alongpoem）

Pre-Romanticism:

1.WilliamBlake（1757-1827）:

1）SongsofInnocence2）SongsofExperience

2.RobertBurns（1759-1796）:

1）TheScotsMusicalMuseum2）Selected

CollectionofOriginalScottishAirs

3.RomanticisminBritishLiterature

1.WilliamWordsworth（1770-1850）,pilotandleaderofRomanticisminEngland:

LyricalBallads（themanifestooftheEnglishRomanticMovementinpoetry）

2.SamuelTaylorColeridge（1772-1834）:

1）TheRimeoftheAncientMariner2）

KublaKhan3）Christabel.ColeridgeisalsothefirstcriticoftheRomantic

school.

3.GeorgeGordonByron（1788-1822）:

1）ChildeHarold’sPilgrimage2）DonJuan

（masterpiece）

4.PercyByssheShelley（1792-1822）:

1）QueenMab2）TheRevoltofIslam

3）PrometheusUnbound4）Lyrics:

①OdetotheWestWind②ToaSkylark

③Love’sPhilosophyetc.5）ADefenceofPoetry（literarycriticismonpoetry）

5.JohnKeats（1795-1821）:

longpoems:

①Isabella②Endymion③TheEveof

St.AgnesODES:

①OdetoMelancholy②OdeonaGrecianUrn③Odeto

aNightingale④OdetoAutumn

6.CharlesLamb（1775-1834）,anessayist:

1）TheEssaysofElia2）Talesfrom

Shakespeare

7.WalterScott（1771-1832）,founderofhistoricalnovel:

1）Ivanhoe2）Woodstock

etc.

8.JaneAusten（1775-1817）:

1）PrideandPrejudice2）SenseandSensibility3）

NorthangerAbbey4）Emma5）Mansfieldpark

（5）TheVictorianPeriod（roughlyrealism）

1.CharlesDickens（1812-1870）:

1）thePickwickpapers2）OliverTwist3）

NicholasNickleby4）TheOldCuriosityShop5）AmericanNotes6）

DombeyandSon7）DavidCopperfield8）HardTimes9）ATaleofTwo

Cities10）GreatExpectations

2.CharlotteBronte（1816-1855）:

JaneEyre

3.EmilyBronte（1818-1848）:

WutheringHeights

4.AnneBronte（1820-1849）:

TheTenantofWildfellHall

5.WilliamMakepeaceThackeray（1811-1863）:

VanityFair:

ANovelWithouta

Hero

6.ElizabethCleghornGaskell（1810-1865）:

MaryBarton,aTaleofManchesterLife

7.GeorgeEliot（1819-1880）:

1）SilasMarner2）AdamBede3）TheMillonthe

Floss

8.ThomasCarlyle（1795-1881）,aprosewriter:

1）TheFrenchRevolution2）Hero

andHero-Worship

9.ThomasBabingtonMacaulay（1800-1859）:

HistoryofEngland

10.AlfredTennyson（1809-1892）,poet:

1）InMemoriam2）TheIdyllsoftheKing

11.RobertBrowning（1812-1889）,introducingtoEnglishpoetrythedramatic

monologue:

1）TheRingandtheBook2）shortlyricssuchas“thepiedPiperof

Hamelin”;“Home-thoughts,fromAbroad”

（6）LiteraryTrendsattheTurnofthe19th-20thCentury

1.GeorgeGissing（1857-1903）,undertheinfluenceofnaturalism:

NewGrubStreet

2.RobertLouisStevenson（1850-1894）:

1）TreasureIsland2）StrangeCaseofDr.

JekyllandMr.Hydeetc.

3.Aestheticism:

“artforart’ssake”----representatives:

1）WalterPater2）Oscar

Wilde

4.OscarWilde（1856-1900）:

1）ThePictureofDorianGray（novel）2）AWoman

ofNoImportance3）LadyWindermere’sFan4）AnIdealHusband5）The

ImportanceofBeingEarnest6）Salome（tragedy）

（7）EnglishLiteratureinthe20thCentury

Realists

1.HenryJames（1843-1916）:

1）ThePortraitofaLady2）TheAmbassadors3）

TheGoldenBowl

2.HerbertGeorgeWells（1866-1946）:

1）TheTimeMachine2）TheIslandofDr.

Moreau3）TonoBungay（socialsatire）

3.JohnGalsworthy（1867-1933）:

TheForsyteSaga2）AModernComedy

4.WilliamSomersetMaugham（1874-1965）:

1）OfHumanBondage2）TheMoon

andSixpence

5.JesephConrad（1857-1924）:

1）TheNiggeroftheNarcissus2）LordJim3）

HeartofDarkness

6.E.M.Forster（1879-1970）:

1）HowardsEnd2）APassagetoIndia

7.DavidHerbertLawrence（1885-1930）:

1）TheWhitePeacock2）Sonsand

Lovers3）TheRainbow4）WomeninLove5）LadyChatterley’sLover

8.GeorgeBernardShaw（1856-1950）:

1）Mrs.Warren’sProfession2）Major

Barbara3）HeartbreakHouse

Modernism

Streamofconsciousness

1.JamesJoyce（1882-1941）:

1）Dubliners2）APortraitoftheArtistsasaYoung

Man3）Ulysses4）Finnegan’sWake

2.VirginiaWoolf（1882-1941）:

1）Mrs.Dalloway2）TotheLighthouse3）The

Waves

Imagism

1.WilliamButlerYeats（1865-1939）,Irishpoetanddramatist,NobelPrizewinner

forliteraturein1923

2.T.S.Eliot（1888-1965）:

1）FourQuartets2）TheWasteLand

OutlineofAmericanLiteraryHistory

（1）colonialperiod（early17th—late18th）

①AmericanPuritanism

②JonathanEdwards,（bothrepresentAmericanPuritanism）

③BenjaminFranklin:

Autobiography;PoorRichard’sAlmanac

（2）Romanticperiod（firsthalfof19th）

①background（politicalindependence;hopeseverywhere;idealsof

democracy,equality;industrialization;westwardexpansion;varietyof

foreigninfluenceetc.）

②WashingtonIrving—“TheSketchBook”