文献翻译云计算概述.docx
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文献翻译云计算概述.docx
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文献翻译云计算概述
本科毕业设计
外文文献及译文
文献、资料题目:
CloudComputing
文献、资料来源:
云计算概述(英文版)
文献、资料发表(出版)日期:
2009年5月
院(部):
专业:
班级:
姓名:
学号:
指导教师:
翻译日期:
外文文献:
CloudComputing
1.CloudComputingataHigherLevel
Inmanyways,cloudcomputingissimplyametaphorfortheInternet,theincreasingmovementofcomputeanddataresourcesontotheWeb.Butthere’sadifference:
cloudcomputingrepresentsanewtippingpointforthevalueofnetworkcomputing.Itdelivershigherefficiency,massivescalability,andfaster,easiersoftwaredevelopment.It’saboutnewprogrammingmodels,newITinfrastructure,andtheenablingofnewbusinessmodels.
Forthosedevelopersandenterpriseswhowanttoembracecloudcomputing,Sunisdevelopingcriticaltechnologiestodeliverenterprisescaleandsystemicqualitiestothisnewparadigm:
(1)Interoperability—whilemostcurrentcloudsofferclosedplatformsandvendorlock-in,developersclamorforinteroperability.Sun’sopen-sourceproductstrategyandJava™principlesarefocusedonprovidinginteroperabilityforlarge-scalecomputingresources.Thinkoftheexistingcloud“islands”mergingintoanew,interoperable“Intercloud”whereapplicationscanbemovedtoandoperateacrossmultipleplatforms.
(2)High-densityhorizontalcomputing—Sunispioneeringhigh-power-densitycompute-nodearchitecturesandextreme-scaleInfinibandfabricsaspartofourtop-tierHPCdeployments.Thishigh-densitytechnologyisbeingincorporatedintoourlarge-scaleclouddesigns.
(3)Datainthecloud—Morethanjustcomputeutilities,cloudcomputingisincreasinglyaboutpetascaledata.Sun’sOpenStorageproductsofferhybriddataserverswithunprecedentedefficiencyandperformancefortheemergingdata-intensivecomputingapplicationsthatwillbecomeakeypartofthecloud.
Thesetechnologybetsarefocusedondrivingmoreefficientlarge-scaleclouddeploymentsthatcanprovidetheinfrastructurefornext-generationbusinessopportunities:
socialnetworks,algorithmictrading,continuousriskanalysis,andsoon.
2.WhyCloudComputing?
(1)Clouds:
MuchMoreThanCheapComputing
CloudcomputingbringsanewlevelofefficiencyandeconomytodeliveringITresourcesondemand—andintheprocessitopensupnewbusinessmodelsandmarketopportunities.
Whilemanypeoplethinkofcurrentcloudcomputingofferingsaspurely“paybythedrink”computeplatforms,they’rereallyaconvergenceoftwomajorinterdependentITtrends:
ITEfficiency—MinimizecostswherecompaniesareconvertingtheirITcostsfromcapitalexpensestooperatingexpensesthroughtechnologiessuchasvirtualization.Cloudcomputingbeginsasawaytoimproveinfrastructureresourcedeploymentandutilization,butfullyexploitingthisinfrastructureeventuallyleadstoanewapplicationdevelopmentmodel.
BusinessAgility—MaximizereturnusingITasacompetitiveweaponthroughrapidtimetomarket,integratedapplicationstacks,instantmachineimagedeployment,andpetascaleparallelprogramming.Cloudcomputingisembracedasacriticalwaytorevolutionizetimetoservice.Butinevitablytheseservicesmustbebuiltonequallyinnovativerapid-deployment-infrastructuremodels.
Tobesure,thesetrendshaveexistedintheITindustryforyears.However,therecentemergenceofmassivenetworkbandwidthandvirtualizationtechnologieshasenabledthistransformationtoanewservices-orientedinfrastructure.
CloudcomputingenablesITorganizationstoincreasehardwareutilizationratesdramatically,andtoscaleuptomassivecapacitiesinaninstant—withoutconstantlyhavingtoinvestinnewinfrastructure,trainnewpersonnel,orlicensenewsoftware.Italsocreatesnewopportunitiestobuildabetterbreedofnetworkservices,inlesstime,forlessmoney.
ITEfficiencyonaWholeNewScale
Cloudcomputingisallaboutefficiency.ItprovidesawaytodeployandaccesseverythingfromsinglesystemstohugeamountsofITresources—ondemand,inrealtime,atanaffordablecost.Itmakeshigh-performancecomputeandhigh-capacitystorageavailabletoanyonewithacreditcard.Andsincethebestcloudstrategiesbuildonconceptsandtoolsthatdevelopersalreadyknow,cloudsalsohavethepotentialtoredefinetherelationshipbetweeninformationtechnologyandthedevelopersandbusinessunitsthatdependonit.
Reducecapitalexpenditures—CloudcomputingmakesitpossibleforcompaniestoconvertITcostsfromcapitalexpensetooperatingexpensethroughtechnologiessuchasvirtualization.
Cutthecostofrunningadatacenter—Cloudcomputingimprovesinfrastructureutilizationratesandstreamlinesresourcemanagement.Forexample,cloudsallowforself-serviceprovisioningthroughAPIs,bringingahigherlevelofautomationtothedatacenterandreducingmanagementcosts.
Eliminateoverprovisioning—Cloudcomputingprovidesscalingondemand,which,whencombinedwithutilitypricing,removestheneedtooverprovisiontomeetdemand.Withcloudcomputing,companiescanscaleuptomassivecapacitiesinaninstant.
Forthosewhothinkcloudcomputingisjustfluff,takeacloserlookatthecloudofferingsthatarealreadyavailable.MajorInternetprovidersA,Google,andothersareleveragingtheirinfrastructureinvestmentsand“sharing”theirlarge-scaleeconomics.AlreadythebandwidthusedbyAmazonWebServices(AWS)exceedsthatassociatedwiththeircoree-tailingservices.Forward-lookingenterprisesofalltypes—fromWeb2.0startupstoglobalenterprises—areembracingcloudcomputingtoreduceinfrastructurecosts.
Faster,MoreFlexibleProgramming
Cloudcomputingisn’tonlyabouthardware—it’salsoaprogrammingrevolution.Agile,easy-to-access,lightweightWebprotocols—coupledwithpervasivehorizontallyscaledarchitecture—canacceleratedevelopmentcyclesandtimetomarketwithnewapplicationsandservices.Newbusinessfunctionsarenowjustascriptaway.
Acceleratedcycles—Thecloudcomputingmodelprovidesafaster,moreefficientwaytodevelopthenewgenerationofapplicationsandservices.Fasterdevelopmentandtestingcyclesmeansbusinessescanaccomplishinhourswhatusedtotakedays,weeks,ormonths.
Increaseagility—Cloudcomputingaccommodateschangelikenoothermodel.Forexample,AnimotoProductions,makersofamashuptoolthatcreatesvideofromimagesandmusic,usedcloudcomputingtoscaleupfrom50serversto3,500injustthreedays.Cloudcomputingcanalsoprovideawiderselectionofmorelightweightandagiledevelopmenttools,simplifyingandspeedingupthedevelopmentprocess.
Theimmediateimpactwillbeunprecedentedflexibilityinservicecreationandaccelerateddevelopmentcycles.Butatthesametime,developmentflexibilitycouldbecomeconstrainedbyAPIsifthey’renottrulyopen.Cloudcomputingcanusherinaneweraofproductivityfordevelopersiftheybuildonplatformsthataredesignedtobefederatedratherthancentralized.Butthere’samajorshiftunderwayinprogrammingcultureandthelanguagesthatwillbeusedinclouds.
Today,theintegrated,optimized,open-sourceApache,MySQL,PHP/Perl/Python(AMP)stackisthepreferredplatformforbuildinganddeployingnewWebapplicationsandservices.Cloudcomputingwillbethecatalystfortheadoptionofanevennewerstackofmorelightweight,agiletoolssuchaslighttpd,anopen-sourceWebserver;Hadoop,thefreeJavasoftwareframeworkthatsupportsdata-intensivedistributedapplications;andMogileFS,afilesystemthatenableshorizontalscalingofstorageacrossanynumberofmachines.
(2)CompellingNewOpportunities:
TheCloudEcosystem
Butcloudcomputingisn’tjustaboutaproliferationofXenimagestacksonarestrictedhandfulofinfrastructureproviders.It’salsoaboutanemergingecosystemofcomplementaryservicesthatprovidecomputingresourcessuchason-rampsforcloudabstraction,professionalservicestohelpindeployment,specializedapplicationcomponentssuchasdistributeddatabases,andvirtualprivatedatacentersfortheentirerangeofITprovidersandconsumers.
Theseservicesspantherangeofcustomerrequirements,fromindividualdevelopersandsmallstartupstolargeenterprises.Andtheycontinuetoexpandthelevelsofvirtualization,akeyarchitecturalcomponentofthecloudthatoffersever-higherabstractionsofunderlyingservices.
(3)HowDidCloudComputingStart?
Atabasiclevel,cloudcomputingissimplyameansofdeliveringITresourcesasservices.AlmostallITresourcescanbedeliveredasacloudservice:
applications,computepower,storagecapacity,networking,programmingtools,evencommunicationsservicesandcollaborationtools.
Cloudcomputingbeganaslarge-scaleInternetserviceproviderssuchasGoogle,Amazon,andothersbuiltouttheirinfrastructure.Anarchitectureemerged:
massivelyscaled,horizontallydistributedsystemresources,abstractedasvirtualITservicesandmanagedascontinuouslyconfigured,pooledresources.ThisarchitecturalmodelwasimmortalizedbyGeorgeGilderinhisOctober2006Wiredmagazinearticletitled“TheInformationFactories.”TheserverfarmsGilderwroteaboutwerearchitecturallysimilartogridcomputing,butwheregridsareusedforlooselycoupled,technicalcomputingapplications,thisnewcloudmodelwasbeingappliedtoInternetservices.
Bothcloudsandgridsarebuilttoscalehorizontallyveryefficiently.Botharebuilttowithstandfailuresofindividualelementsornodes.Botharechargedonaper-usebasis.Butwhilegridstypicallyprocessbatchjobs,withadefinedstartandendpoint,cloudservicescanbecontinuous.What’smore,cloudsexpandthetypesofresourcesavailable—filestorage,databases,andWebservices—andextendtheapplicabilityto
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