presentation 讲义1.docx
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presentation 讲义1.docx
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presentation讲义1
Introduction
Allpresentationshaveacommonobjective.Peoplegivepresentationsbecausetheywanttocommunicateinorderto:
∙inform
∙train
∙persuade
∙sell
Asuccessfulpresentationisoneofthemosteffectivewaysofcommunicatingyourmessage.AndbecauseEnglishissowidelyusedininternationalbusiness,aworkingknowledgeofthevocabularyandtechniquesusedinanEnglishlanguagepresentationisavaluableasset.
Preparation
Canyounamethe3mostimportantthingswhengivinganypresentation?
Number1is... Preparation
Number2is... Preparation!
Number3is... Preparation!
!
Preparationiseverything!
Withgoodpreparationandplanningyouwillbetotallyconfidentandlessnervous.Andyouraudiencewillfeelyourconfidence.Youraudience,too,willbeconfident.Theywillbeconfidentinyou.Andthiswillgiveyoucontrol.Controlofyouraudienceandofyourpresentation.Withcontrol,youwillbe'incharge'andyouraudiencewilllistenpositivelytoyourmessage.
Objective
Beforeyoustarttoprepareapresentation,youshouldaskyourself:
"WhyamImakingthispresentation?
"Doyouneedtoinform,topersuade,totrainortosell?
Yourobjectiveshouldbeclearinyourmind.Ifitisnotclearinyourmind,itcannotpossiblybecleartoyouraudience.
Audience
"WhoamImakingthispresentationto?
"Sometimesthiswillbeobvious,butnotalways.Youshouldtrytoinformyourself.Howmanypeople?
Whoarethey?
Businesspeople?
Professionalpeople?
Politicalpeople?
Expertsornon-experts?
Willitbeasmall,intimategroupof4colleaguesoralargegatheringof400competitors?
Howmuchdotheyknowalreadyandwhatwilltheyexpectfromyou?
Venue
"WhereamImakingthispresentation?
"Inasmallhotelmeeting-roomoralargeconferencehall?
Whatfacilitiesandequipmentareavailable?
Whataretheseatingarrangements?
Timeandlength
"WhenamImakingthispresentationandhowlongwillitbe?
"Willitbe5minutesor1hour?
Justbeforelunch,whenyouraudiencewillbehungry,orjustafterlunch,whenyouraudiencewillbesleepy?
Method
HowshouldImakethispresentation?
"Whatapproachshouldyouuse?
Formalorinformal?
Lotsofvisualaidsoronlyafew?
Willyouincludesomeanecdotesandhumourforvariety?
Content
"WhatshouldIsay?
"Nowyoumustdecideexactlywhatyouwanttosay.First,youshouldbrainstormyourideas.Youwillnodoubtdiscovermanyideasthatyouwanttoincludeinyourpresentation.Butyoumustbeselective.Youshouldincludeonlyinformationthatisrelevanttoyouraudienceandyourobjective.Youshouldexcludeallotherideas.Youalsoneedtocreateatitleforyourpresentation(ifyouhavenotalreadybeengivenatitle).Thetitlewillhelpyoutofocusonthesubject.Andyouwillprepareyourvisualaids,ifyouhavedecidedtousethem.Butremember,ingeneral,lessisbetterthanmore(alittleisbetterthanalot).Youcanalwaysgiveadditionalinformationduringthequestionsafterthepresentation.
Structure
Awellorganisedpresentationwithaclearstructureiseasierfortheaudiencetofollow.Itisthereforemoreeffective.Youshouldorganisethepointsyouwishtomakeinalogicalorder.Mostpresentationsareorganisedinthreeparts,followedbyquestions:
Beginning
Shortintroduction
∙welcomeyouraudience
∙introduceyoursubject
∙explainthestructureofyourpresentation
∙explainrulesforquestions
Middle
Bodyofpresentation
∙presentthesubjectitself
End
Shortconclusion
∙summariseyourpresentation
∙thankyouraudience
∙invitequestions
QuestionsandAnswers
Notes
Whenyougiveyourpresentation,youshouldbe-orappeartobe-asspontaneousaspossible.Youshouldnotreadyourpresentation!
Youshouldbesofamiliarwithyoursubjectandwiththeinformationthatyouwanttodeliverthatyoudonotneedtoreadatext.Readingatextisboring!
Readingatextwillmakeyouraudiencegotosleep!
Soifyoudon'thaveatexttoread,howcanyouremembertosayeverythingyouneedtosay?
Withnotes.Youcancreateyourownsystemofnotes.Somepeoplemakenotesonsmall,A6cards.Somepeoplewritedownjustthetitleofeachsectionoftheirtalk.Somepeoplewritedownkeywordstoremindthem.Thenoteswillgiveyouconfidence,butbecauseyouwillhavepreparedyourpresentationfully,youmaynotevenneedthem!
Rehearsal
Rehearsalisavitalpartofpreparation.Youshouldleavetimetopractiseyourpresentationtwoorthreetimes.Thiswillhavethefollowingbenefits:
∙youwillbecomemorefamiliarwithwhatyouwanttosay
∙youwillidentifyweaknessesinyourpresentation
∙youwillbeabletopractisedifficultpronunciations
∙youwillbeabletocheckthetimethatyourpresentationtakesandmakeanynecessarymodifications
Soprepare,prepare,prepare!
Prepareeverything:
words,visualaids,timing,equipment.Rehearseyourpresentationseveraltimesandtimeit.Isittherightlength?
Areyoucompletelyfamiliarwithallyourillustrations?
Aretheyintherightorder?
Doyouknowwhotheaudienceis?
Howmanypeople?
Howwillyouanswerdifficultquestions?
Doyouknowtheroom?
Areyouconfidentabouttheequipment?
Whenyouhaveansweredallthesequestions,youwillbeaconfident,enthusiasticpresenterreadytocommunicatethesubjectofyourpresentationtoaneageraudience.
Equipment
Easilyyourmostimportantpieceofequipmentis...YOU!
Makesureyou'reinfullworkingorder,andcheckyourpersonalpresentationcarefully-ifyoudon't,youraudiencewill!
Theoverheadprojector(OHP)displaysoverheadtransparencies(OHTsorOHPTs).Ithasseveraladvantagesoverthe35mmslideprojector:
∙itcanbeusedindaylight
∙theusercanfacetheaudience
∙theusercanwriteordrawdirectlyonthetransparencywhileinuse
Thewhiteboard(morerarelyblackboardorgreenboard)isausefuldeviceforspontaneouswriting-asinbrainstorming,forexample.Forpreparedmaterial,theOHPmightbemoresuitable.
Thedusterisusedforcleaningthewhiteboard.Itisessentialthatthedusterbecleantostartwith.Youmayconsidercarryingyourowndusterjustincase.
Markersareusedforwritingonthewhiteboard(delible-youcanremovetheink)orflipchart(indelible-youcannotremovetheink).Theyareusuallyavailableinblue,red,blackandgreen.Again,it'sagoodideatocarryasparesetofmarkersincaseyouaregivensomeusedoneswhichdonotwritewell.
"Agoodworkmanneverblameshistools."
Theflipchartconsistsofseveralleavesofpaperthatyou'flip'orturnover.Somepeopleprefertheflipcharttothewhiteboard,butitsuseislimitedtosmallerpresentations.
TheSlideprojector-whichmustbeusedinadarkenedroom-addsacertaindrama.Someslideprojectorscanbesynchronisedwithaudioforaudio-visual(AV)presentations.Theseprojectorsaretypicallyusedforlargerpresentations.Themajoritytake35mmslidesortransparencies(asseenhere),butprojectorsfor6x6cmslidesarealsoavailable.
Transparenciesareprojectedbyanoverheadprojectororaslideprojectorontoascreen-inthiscaseafoldingscreenwhichcanbepackedupandtransported.
Thenotebookcomputerisincreasinglybeingusedtodisplaygraphicsduringpresentations.Itisoftenusedinconjunctionwithanoverheadprojector,whichactuallyprojectstheimagefromthecomputerscreenontothewallscreen.
Handoutsareanydocumentsorsamplesthatyou'handout'ordistributetoyouraudience.Notethatitisnotusuallyagoodideatodistributehandoutsbeforeyourpresentation.Theaudiencewillreadthehandoutsinsteadoflisteningtoyou.
Delivery
'Delivery'referstothewayinwhichyouactuallydeliverorperformorgiveyourpresentation.Deliveryisavitalaspectofallpresentations.Deliveryisatleastasimportantascontent,especiallyinamulti-culturalcontext.
Nerves
Mostspeakersarealittlenervousatthebeginningofapresentation.Soitisnormalifyouarenervous.Theansweristopayspecialattentiontothebeginningofyourpresentation.Firstimpressionscount.Thisisthetimewhenyouestablisharapportwithyouraudience.Duringthistime,trytospeakslowlyandcalmly.Youshouldperhapslearnyourintroductionbyheart.Afterafewmoments,youwillrelaxandgainconfidence.
AudienceRapport
Youneedtobuildawarmandfriendlyrelationshipwithyouraudience.Enthusiasmiscontagious.Ifyouareenthusiasticyouraudiencewillbeenthusiastictoo.Andbecarefultoestablisheyecontactwitheachmemberofyouraudience.Eachpersonshouldfeelthatyouarespeakingdirectlytohimorher.Thismeansthatyoumustlookateachpersoninturn-inasnaturalawayaspossible.Thiswillalsogiveyoutheopportunitytodetectsignsofboredom,disinterestorevendisagreement,allowingyoutomodifyyourpresentationasappropriate.
Yourobjectiveistocommunicate!
BodyLanguage
Whatyoudonotsayisatleastasimportantaswhatyoudosay.Yourbodyisspeakingtoyouraudienceevenbeforeyouopenyourmouth.Yourclothes,yourwalk,yourglasses,yourhaircut,yourexpression-itisfromthesethatyouraudienceformsitsfirstimpressionasyouentertheroom.Generallyspeaking,itisbettertostandratherthansitwhenmakingapresentation.Beawareofandavoidanyrepetitiveandirritatinggestures.Beaware,too,thatthemovementofyourbodyisoneofyourmethodsofcontrol.Whenyoumovetoorfromthewhiteboard,forexample,youcanmovefastorslowly,raisingorreducingthedynamismwithintheaudience.Youcanstandverystillwhiletalki
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