定语从句完整+练习.docx
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定语从句完整+练习.docx
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定语从句完整+练习
语法解释:
定语从句——修饰名词或代词的从句。
换句话说,名词、代词后的从句叫定语从句。
先行词——被定语从句修饰的名词、代词、甚至词组或句子叫先行词。
关系词——引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
关系词分两种:
一是关系代词(在定语从句中担任主、宾、表、定语成分)
二是关系副词(在定语从句中担任状语成分)
关系词的三个功能:
1. 连接功能(连接先行词与定语从句);
2. 担任功能(在定语从句中担任主、宾、表、定、状语);
3. 替代功能(在定语从句中代替先行词)
A plane is a machine. The machine can fly. ——
A plane is a machine, and the machine can fly. ——
A plane is a machine that can fly.
关系代词有:
who, whom, whose, that, which, as
在定语从句中可担任主语的是:
who, that, which, as
在定语从句中可担任宾语的是:
who, whom, that, which, as
在定语从句中可担任定语的是:
whose, which
当先行词是人时,可用的关系词是:
who, whom, that, as
当先行词是物时,可用的关系词是:
which, that, whose, as
关系副词有:
when (先行词为时间), where (先行词为地点), why (先行词为原因)
关系副词= 介词+ which / whom
定语从句分为两种:
限制性与非限制性。
先行词与关系词之间无逗号隔开为限制性;有逗号隔开则为非限制性。
非限制性定语从句一般不可用关系代词that引导。
唯一可以置于先行词之前的定语从句由关系代词as 引导。
1)that和which的用法区别
只用that的情况:
①先行词由最高级修饰时,如thebestworkthatIcando。
②先行词由序数词修饰时,如thesecondbookthatIbought。
③先行词由thelast,theonly,thesame,thevery等修饰时。
④先行词是不定代词all,anything,everything,little,much,nobody,nothing等时,如anythingthathedoes;allthatIcandonow等。
⑤先行词有any,no,all等限定词时,如allthewordsthatI’velearned。
⑥先行词为词组,该词组既含人又含物时,如thecityandthepeoplethatIvisited。
只用which的情况:
①在非限定性定语从句中(定语从句前有逗号)。
②介词后。
请看that和which的使用例句:
It’sthebestfilmiseverbeenmadeonthesubjectofmadness.这是以精神病为题材而拍摄的影片中最好的一段。
ShakespeareisthegreatestpoetEnglandhaseverhad.莎士比亚是英国最伟大的诗人。
Takethefirstopportunityoffers.抓住第一个出现的机会。
Heisthelastpersononewouldsuspect.人们最不可能怀疑他。
Manistheonlycreatureisgiftedwithspeech.只有人类具有语言的天赋。
Afoolseesnotthesametreeawisemansees.一个傻瓜看到的树和一个聪明人看到的树不一样。
Thoseweretheverywordshesaidatthemeeting.这些就是他在会上说的原话。
Allglittersisnotgold.闪光的并不都是金子。
Anythingyouhavetosayhadbetterbesaidineachother’spresence.有话最好当面说。
There’sstillmuchtistobedone.仍然有很多事要做。
Ihavechangedmymind.Nothingyousaywillchangeit.我已经改变了主意,无论你说什么也无法改变它。
Nobodywastherecouldconvinceherofhermistake.这那儿没有一个人能使她明白她的错误。
Everypaperyoureadgivesthesamestory.你看的每份报纸都报道同样的新闻。
Istillcan’tforgettheplacesandthepeopleIvisitedduringlastsummervacation.我仍然难以忘怀去年暑假我见到的地方和人。
2)关系代词(that,which,who,whom等)和关系副词(when,where等)的用法区别
①关系代词在定语从句作主语、宾语或表语,而关系副词在定语从句中作状语。
②分析时主要从动词的及物性或有无介词来考虑。
看如下对比例句:
①Thisisthefactorywheremyfatheronceworked.这是我父亲曾工作过的工厂。
(worked是不及物动词,不接宾语,所以不用which/that。
where相当于inthefactory)
Thisisthefactorywhich/thatmyfatheronceworkedin.(workedin的宾语是factory,故用关系代词which/that)
②Iwillneverforgetthedayswhich/thatIspentinthewoodnearourvillage.我忘不了我在我村边小树林里度过的日子。
(thedays是spent的宾语)
IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentmyholidayswithmygrandparents.我忘不了我和我的祖父母一起度假的日子。
(spent的宾语是holidays,不是thedays)
IwillneverforgetthesmallvillagewhereIspentmyholidays.我忘不了我度假的小村庄。
(与上句一样,spent的宾语是myholidays)
③Isthistheschoolwhich/thatyouvisitedtheotherday?
这是你几天前参观过的学校吗?
(theschool作visited的宾语)
Isthistheschoolwhereyouvisitedyourteachertheotherday?
这是你几天前拜访你老师的学校吗?
(visited在定语从句中有自己的宾语yourteacher,所以不用that/which)
3)whose的用法
whose是关系限定词,既可以指人也可以指物,即既可以说“某人的”,也可以说“某物的”。
?
Fortuneneverhelpsthemanwhosecouragefails.运气永远不会帮助丧失勇气的人。
?
Haveyounoticedthehousewhosewindowsareclosednow?
你注意到了那家窗户关着的房子吗?
?
He’swrittenabookwhosenameIhavecompletelyforgotten.他写了一本书,书名我完全忘记了。
注:
在正式文体中,指物时,whose往往用ofwhich表示。
ofwhich可放在被修饰的名词之前或之后,而whose只能放在被修饰的名词之前。
例如:
Thehousewhosewindows/ofwhichthewindows/thewindowsofwhicharebrokenisunoccupied.(那间窗户破了的房屋没人居住。
)
whose前有时有介词。
?
Theteacherinwhoseclassmydaughterisstudyingisakindheartedman.我女儿所在的那位老师心地善良。
4)whom的用法
只有作定语从句中的宾语时才能用whom;介词后用whom不用who。
口语中whom前无介词时可用that或who代替。
?
Mybrother,whomyoumettheotherday,hasgoneabroad.前几天你遇见过的我的那个兄弟,出国去了。
?
Youhavemanypeoplearoundyouwhoarekindtoyoubutwhomyouwillsoonforget.你周围有许多对你好的人,但你都会很快忘记他们。
?
Therecamealotofchildren,mostofwhomIdidn’tknow.来了许多孩子,大多数我都不认识。
7)介词+which/whom引导的定语从句
如果关系代词which/whom本身在定语从句中充当一个介词或介词短语的宾语的时候,有时可以将介词直接放在which/whom的前面,这样就产生了“介词+关系代词”及“名词或代词+介词+which/whom”或“复合介词+which/whom”等的结构。
?
Iknowthemantowhomyoutalkedjustnow.我认识你刚才与之说话的那个人。
?
Lifeisaflowerofwhichloveishoney.人生是花朵,爱情是花蜜。
?
Hewaseducatedatthelocalgrammarschool,afterwhichhewentontoCambridge.当在当地的一所中学上学,此后就去上了剑桥大学。
5)theway后的定语从句
Theway后的定语从句用inwhich引导,inwhich可以用that代替,而that又可以省略。
所以,表达“某人做某事的方法”有三种形式:
1.thewayinwhichsomebodydoessomething2.thewaythatsomebodydoessomething3.thewaysomebodydoessomething.
6)as用法
关系代词as引导定语从句有两种形式。
(1)as引导一个非限制性定语从句修饰一个分句,as代表该分句所表达的整个概念或其中一部分的概念。
as定语从句可置于句首、句中或句尾;as本身在从句中充当主语、宾语及表语。
(2)用于as…as,thesame…as,so…as,such…as等结构中。
as用法的第一种情况:
?
Asisknowntoall,theearthmovesaroundthesun.众所周知,地球围绕太阳旋转。
?
HemustbeanAfrican,asmaybeseenfromthecolourofhisskin.他准是个非洲人,这可以从他的肤色看得出来。
?
Ifhecomeslate,asisusual,foranothertime,we’llnotreceivehim.如果他再一次像以往那样迟到,我们就不接待他了。
?
Sheisafinesinger,ashermotherusedtobe.她是个很出色的歌唱家,像她的母亲当年一样。
?
Asyouwillfindout,allisnowsettled.你会发现,现在一切都解决了。
?
Helenissomewhatcrazy,aseveryonecouldsee.海伦有些神经错乱,这种情况每个人都看得出。
注意这一类的as表面上看好像和which代替全句时的用法相似,但as引导的定语从句的最大特点是它的意思多侧重于表达“(正)像……、(正)如……”及类似的意思。
一般说来,当关系代词在从句中作be动词的主语或一般动词的宾语时,which和as可交替使用;当关系代词在从句中作一般动词(非be动词)的主语时,只能用which;as可置于句首、句中,而which则不能。
例如:
?
Hewaslateforschool,as/whichwasusualwithhim.他上学迟到了,他经常这样。
?
Hesawthegirl,as/whichhehadhoped(hewould).他见到了那位姑娘姑娘,正像他希望的那样。
?
Hesawthegirl,whichdelightedhim.他见到了那位姑娘,这使得他很开心。
(句中的which不能用as代替,因为从句中的delighted是非be动词)
?
Ashasbeensaidbefore,grammarisnotasetofdeadrules.正如上面所说的那样,语法不是一套死的规则。
(句中的As不能用Which代替,因为此定语从句置于句首)
as用法的第二种情况:
?
There’sasgoodfishintheseaasevercameoutofit.海里有的是鱼;天涯处处有芳草。
?
Hereissobigastoneasnomancanlift.这是一块没人能搬动的大石头。
?
Hermannerandattitudetowardhimwerequitethesameastheyhadalwaysbeen.她对他的举止和态度和往常是完全相同的。
?
Hedoesnotpossesssuchamindasisnecessarytoascientist.他缺乏科学家所必须具备的头脑。
?
Suchfoodastheygaveuswasscarcelyfittoeat.他们给我们的食物很不适合吃。
一.单选:
1.A football fan is _____ has a strong interest in football.
A. that B. who C. a person who D. what
2. The house, _____ was destroyed in the terrible fire, has been repaired.
A. whose roof B. which roof C. its roof D. the roof
3. Can you lend me the novel _____ the other day?
A. that you talked B. you talked about it C. which you talked
D. you talked about
4. The matter _____ you were arguing about last night has been settled.
A. that B. what C. why D. for which
5. They talked for about an hour of things and persons _____ they
remembered in the school.
A. which B. that C. who D. whom
6. Who _____ has common sense(常识)will do such a thing?
A. which B. who C. whom D. that
7. All the apples _____ fell down were eaten by the pigs.
A. that B. those C. which D. what
8. They asked him to tell them everything _____ he saw at the front.
A. what B. that C. which D. where
9. I’ll tell you _____ he told me last night.
A. all which B. all what C. that all D. all
10. A child _____ parents have died is called an orphan.
A. who B. who’sC. whose D. which
11. Is this the museum _____ you visited the other day?
A. ThatB. where C. in which D. the one
12. Is this museum _____ some German friends visited last Wednesday?
A. that B. where C. in which D. the one
13. —How do you like the book?
—It’s quite different from _____ I read last month.
A. that B. WhichC. the one D. the one what
14. Is that the reason _____ you are in favor of the proposal?
A. which B. what C. why D. for that
15. The train _____ she was traveling was late.
A. which B. where C. on which D. in that
16. He has lost the key to the drawer _____ the papers are kept.
A. where B. on which C. under which D. which
17. Antarctic _____ we know very little is covered with thick ice all the year round.
A. which B. where C. that D. about which
18. He arrived at a time, ______, in his opinion, was rather inappropriate for them.
A. ThatB. / C. which D. when
19. He often helps the students _____ he thinks are not quick at their studies. A. whom B. who C. when D. because
20. The Second World War _____ millions of people were killed ended in 1945. A. when B. during thatC. in which D. Which
21. He was born in the year _____ the Anti-Japanese War broke out.
A. which B. when C. on which D. during which
22. Mr. Crossett will never forget the day _____ he spent with his various
students.
A. when B. which C. on which D. in which
23. This is just the place _____ I am looking forward to visiting these years.
A. that B. where C. in which D. to where
24. We are going to spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, _____ live my
grandparents.
A. which B. that C. who D. where
25. The hotel _____ during our holidays stands by the seaside.
A. in which we stayed B. where we stayed at C. we stayed
D. in that we stayed
26. I have bought the same dress _____ she is wearing.
A. as B. that C. which D. than
27. He is not _____ a fool _____.
A. such/as he is looked B. such/as he looks
C. as/as he is lookedD. so/as he looks
28. The time ______ was given to us was too limited. We must hurry up.
A. when B. during which C. that D. for which
29. Some of the roads were flooded, _____ made our journey more difficult.
A. which B. it C. what D. that
30. He must be from Africa, _____ can be seen from his skin.
A. that B. as C. who D. what
31. He has two sons, _____ work as chemists.
A. two of whom B. both of whom
C. both of which D. all of whom
32. The buses, _____ were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.A. most
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