高考英语语法精讲精练专题九定语从句.docx
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高考英语语法精讲精练专题九定语从句.docx
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高考英语语法精讲精练专题九定语从句
语法专题九:
定语从句
定语从句是比较重要的语法项目。
《2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》附录语法项目表中将定语从句列为必考项。
全国卷新课标Ⅰ对定语从句的考查一般在语法填空和短文改错中,主要考查定语从句引导词的用法。
2015年高考全国卷Ⅰ第64题(语法填空)考查了定语从句引导词that/which。
2016年高考全国卷Ⅰ第65题(语法填空)考查了定语从句的引导词when。
2017年高考全国卷Ⅰ第70题(语法填空)考查了定语从句的引导词which。
基本概念:
定语从句:
在复合句中修饰名词或代词、充当定语的句子叫定语从句。
因其功能相当于形容词,所以又称为形容词性从句。
先行词:
被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。
关系词:
引导定语从句的词,也叫引导词。
分为关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose,as)和关系副词(where,when,why)。
关系词要在定语从句中作某个成分,如主语、宾语、状语等。
限制性定语从句:
对先行词起修饰限定作用的定语从句。
非限制性定语从句:
对先行词或主句起补充说明作用的定语从句,通常引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开。
关系词及其意义:
关系词
先行词
从句成分
例句
备注
关
系
代词
who
人
主语
Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?
whom,which和that在从句中做宾语时,常可以省略,但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略,也不可以用that
whom
人
宾语
Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworking
Theboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar..
whose
人或物
定语
Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.
Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismydeskmate.
that
人或物
主语、宾语
Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.
Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.
which
物
主语、宾语
Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.
Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.
as
人或物
主语、宾语
Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.
ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.
as做宾语一般不省略
关
系
副词
when
时间
时间状语
Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere.
可用onwhich替换
where
地点
地点状语
ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.
可用inwhich替换
why
原因
原因状语
Ican’timaginethereasonwhyheturneddownmyoffer.
可用forwhich替换
关系代词和关系副词功能有三个:
①用来引导定语从句,在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用,使二者联系起来。
②关系代词和关系副词可作定语从句的一个成分。
关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语;关系副词可作状语。
③关系代词和关系副词在从句中代替在他前面的先行词。
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who 指人,在定语从句中作主语。
①The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
②Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way.
③ That is the teacher who teaches us physics.
2.whom 指人,在定语从句中做宾语,常可省略。
①Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus.
②Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see.
③The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come.
④The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our monitor. 注意:
关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替,也可省略。
The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.
3.which 指物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语可省略。
①Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
②The factory which makes computers is far away from here.
③He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers.
④The house which is by the lake looks nice.
⑤This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday.
⑥The film ( which )they saw last night was not interesting at all.
4.that 指人时,相当于who 或whom;指物时,相当于which。
在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可以省略。
①The number of people that / who come to visit this city every
year reaches one million.
②Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning?
③The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind.
④The season that / which comes after spring is summer.
⑤Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia.
5.whose 通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语。
①I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country.
②He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
③I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen.
注意:
指物时,常用下列结构来代替:
①The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
②The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
③Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
④Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?
关系代词that与which的区别
(一)只用that不用which的情况:
1、先行词是everything,nothing,anything,much,little,none等不定代词或由不定代词any,some,no,much,few,little,every,all等修饰时,引导定语从句用that不用which。
例如:
①Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolen.
②There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the
world.
③There is little that I can do for you.
2、先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰且指物时,引导定语从句用that。
例如:
①ThisisthebestbookthatIhaveeverread.
②The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
3、先行词中既有人又有事物时,引导定语从句用that。
如:
①Wetalkedaboutthethingsandpersonsthatwesawthen.
②Look at the man and his dog that are walking up the street.
4、先行词被theonly,thevery,justthe等修饰且指物时,引导定语从句用that。
例如:
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.
注意:
当先行词指人时,偶尔也可用关系代词who。
例如:
HeistheonlypersonthatIwanttoseenow.
5、当先行词前面有who/which等疑问代词时,只用that。
例如:
①Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?
②Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
6、定语从句内容为解释名词的性质、概念时,需用that。
例如:
Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.
(二)只用which不用that的情况
1、指物,介词后。
例如:
IstillrememberthedayonwhichIfirstgottoParis.
2、用于非限制定语从句中。
例如:
Sheheardaterriblenoise,whichbroughtherheartintohermouth.
3、先行词是that,those时。
例如:
ThatisthebookwhichIborrowedfromthelibrary.
4、一个句子有两个定语从句,为避免重复,一个用that,另一个用which。
例如:
Isthereanythingthatisnotexpensivewhichwecanbuyforherasagift?
二、theway作先行词的定语从句
比较下列句子,理解关系词,并分析原因:
①The way (that/in which/×) he answered the question wassurprising.
②I don’t like the way (that /in which) you laugh at her.
归纳:
(1)当关系词在定语从句中作状语时,关系词用inwhich,that或者省略;
(2)当关系词在定语从句中作主语时,关系词用that或which;
(3)当关系词在定语从句中作宾语时,关系词用that,which或省略。
三、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时,从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。
①The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.
=The school in which he once studied is very famous.
② I’ll bring here the magazine (which/that) you asked for.
= I’ll bring here the magazine for which you asked.
③This is the boy (whom/who/that) I played tennis with
yesterday.
=This is the boy with whom I played tennis yesterday.
④We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom /who /that) we
have often talked about.
=We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have
often talked.
1、单个介词(in/with/on/by)+关系代词(whom,which)
①ThetwothingofwhichtheyfeltveryproudwereJim’sgoldwatchandDella’shair.
②Aharvesterisamanwhoisharvestingoramachinewithwhichweharvestcrops.
注意:
介词确定的依据
A、依从句中的动词,形容词,名词与介词的固定搭配而定;
B、依先行词与从句中动词的关系及所表达的含义而定。
2、介词短语+关系代词(which,whom,whose)
常用的介词短语有:
someof,bothof,asaresultof,atthebackof,becauseof,infrontof,inthemiddleof,atthebottomof,onthetopof,atthefootof等。
①Thereisagreatpaininmyrightfoot,becauseofwhichIcanonlylimpalong.
②Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontofwhichsatanoldman.
注意:
含有介词的动词短语一般不能拆开,如lookafter,lookfor,take care of,takepartin,lookforwardto等。
例如:
①This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正)
②This is the watch for which I am looking .(误)
③The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are
very healthy.(正)
④The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy.(误)
3、单个介词+关系代词(which,whose)+名词
介词要依介词与关系代词后的名词的搭配习惯而定。
例如:
①HelivedinLondonforthreemonths,duringwhichtimehelearnedsomeEnglish.
②OurEnglishteacher,withwhosehelpwehavemadegreatprogressinEnglish,hascompletedthirtyyearsofteaching.
4、the+名词+of+关系代词(which,whom)结构中的名词和后面的关系代词有所属关系。
例如:
ThisisthebookthecoverofwhichisdesignedbyMrJones.
=Thisisthebook,whosecoverisdesignedbyMrJones.
5、部分词汇/结构+of+关系代词
(1)all,both,none,neither,either,many,most,few,several,enough,half,some,any,one,two,three,themajority,anumber,theyoungest等。
(2)数词(基数词,序数词,百分数,分数)+名词
(3)the+形容词最高级/比较级
①Herearetwopairsofsocks,eitherofwhichyoumaychoose.
②Thefootballteamhas15members,theoldestofwhomis25yearsold.
③He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
④There are many apples, some of which have gone bad.
⑤There are forty students in our class, most of whom are from big cities.
⑥Hehaswrittentenstories,threeofwhichareaboutcountrylife.
四、关系代词as与which的用法
as 和which 引导非限制性定语从句时, 其用法有相同之处,也有不同之处。
具体情况是:
1. as 和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语,代表前面整个句子。
如:
①He married her, as / which was natural.
②He is honest, as / which we can see.
2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后,甚至还可以分割主句。
which 引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。
另外,as 常常有“正如、正像”的含义。
如:
①As is known to all, China is a developing country.
②He is from the south, as we can know from his accent.
③John, as you know, is a famous writer.
④Theairqualityinthecity,asisshowninthereport,hasimprovedoverthepasttwomonths.(2012·福建高考)
⑤He has been to Paris ten times, which I don’t believe.
注意:
当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时,关系词往往只用which。
如①Tom was late for school again and again, which made his
teacher very angry.
②This table is made of metal, which made it very heavy.
3. 当先行词受such, the same 修饰时,关系词常用as。
如:
①I’ve never heard such stories as he tells.
②He is not such a fool as he looks.
③This is the same dictionary as I lost last week.
注意:
当先行词受the same 修饰时,也可能用 that引导定语从句,但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。
如:
She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding.
她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。
She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore.
她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。
五、关系副词引导的定语从句
1. when 指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。
①I still remember the day when I first came to this school.
②The time when we got together finally arrived.
③October 1, 1949 was the day when the People’s Republic of
China was founded.
2. where 指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。
①Shanghai is the city where I was born.
②The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.③I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised .
④Is this the place where they fought the enemy?
3.why 指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。
①Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
②The reason why he was punished is unknown to us.
③I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
注意:
引导定语从句的关系副词可以用“介词+which”来替换。
例如:
①Istillrememberthedaywhen(=onwhich)Ifirstcametothisschool.
②Great changes havetakenplacewhere(inwhich)welive.
③The reasonwhy(=forwhich)herefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear.
六、一些特殊词之后的where
如果定语从句用来修饰point,situation,part,condition和case等表示抽象意义的词,并且作状语,要用where引导定语从句,意思是“到了某种地步,在某种境况中”,这种现象叫做地点模糊化。
常见的表地点的模糊化名词还有:
occasion,circumstance,state,degree,extent,stage,le
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