HowtoTeachEnglishtoMiddleSchoolStudents上课讲义.docx
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HowtoTeachEnglishtoMiddleSchoolStudents上课讲义.docx
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HowtoTeachEnglishtoMiddleSchoolStudents上课讲义
HowtoTeachEnglishtoMiddleSchoolStudents.
Ⅰ.Introduction
ThepurposeofmiddleschoolEnglishteachingistoimprovethestudents’fourskillsoflistening,speaking,readingandwriting,withthebaseofnecessaryphonetics,largevocabularyandgoodgrammar,butthisisnotthefinalpurpose.Thefinalpurposeistoletstudentsbeabletousethelanguage.
WhydowestudyEnglish?
Ifamanisonlygoodatlisteningandspeaking,canwesaythatheisgoodatEnglish?
No,ifamanisonlygoodatreadingandwriting,canwesaythatheisgoodatEnglish?
No,heshouldbeabletousethelanguage.
NowmostofthestudentsdobetterinreadingandwritingEnglishthaninlisteningandspeaking.Theycanreadandwrite,buttheycanhardlycommunicate.Theycanhardlyexpressthemselveswiththeirownwords,mostofalltheteachersliketoprovidethestudentswithalotofknowledge-words,phrases,grammar,usagesandsoon.Theyarefocusingthesethings,especiallyonthegrammar.Yes,thestudentsdoneedthese,butmanyteachersforgettoteachthemhowtostudyEnglish,andhowtouseit.Sowhenyouaregivingtheknowledgetothestudents,don’tforgettoteachthemalltheabilitiesofthefourskills.
Ⅱ.Waysondevelopingthefourabilities
⒈Listening
Theteachersoftenspeakofthefourskills-listening,readingandwriting.Thatmeanseachofthemisimportant.Youcan’tsaythatyouhavemasteredthelanguagewithoutanyoneofthem,listening,oneofthemeansoflanguagecommunication,isusedmostwidelyinpeople’sdailylives.About45%oftheadult’stimeconcernslisteningtootherpeople,listeningtotheradio,listeningtothemusic.Inlinguistics,givingthestudentsalotoflisteningactivitiesisagoodwayofenlargingtheirvocabulary,ontheotherhand,italsohelpsthestudentsimprovetheirlisteningcomprehension.
Ihavedoneaninvestigation.About43.2%ofthestudentsthinkthatthemostbotheringandmostdifficultyislisteningcomprehension,andevensomeofthemhavedifficultyinunderstandingtheirteacherswhogiveslessonsinEnglish.
Withoutquestion,itisdifficultofamiddleschoolstudenttounderstandthelisteningmaterial,ifhehasn’tenoughvocabularyandtheabilityoftellingthegrammarconstruction.Inmyinvestigation,about35%ofthestudentswithlowlisteningcomprehensionthingthisisbecausetheydon’tunderstandorknowthelanguageaboutlinguistic,theyarenotabletotellthemeaningofwhattheyhaveheard.Inmyanotherinvestigation,studentswereaskedtolistentoadialogueof244words,inwhichthewordsandgrammarhavealreadybeenlearned;But80%ofthemthoughtitwastoodifficult.Then,usingthesamedialogueasareadingcomprehensionmaterial,Ifoundonly5%ofthemthoughtitwasalittledifficult,ontheotherhandtheresponseabilityisalsoanotherreason.
Itisclearthatthereadingspeedofamaterialalsoaffects.About43%ofthestudentsthoughtthatthematerialwasreadtoofastandtheycouldn’tfollow.
Alotofstudentshavetheirownlisteninghabits.Somestudentsoftentriestounderstandeachwordoreachsentence.Theywillthinkhardwhentheymeetsomedifficultwordsorsentences,andagreatmanystudentscouldunderstandthematerialdirectly,TheyoftentranslatetheEnglishintoChineseintheirheart,thinkingthatonlyareason,tryingtounderstandeachwordisdifficult,anditisnotnecessaryatall.Youshouldcatchthemostimportantpoints.
⒉Speaking
Speakingcan’tbetaughtseparately.Itisoftenconnectedwithlistening.Soweoftenspeakoflisteningandspeaking.
Thetraditionalwayoflisteningandspeakingisaural-oralmethod.Nowthenewmethodoftwo-waycommunicationisverypopular.
Asyouknowthatanyteachingmethodhasitspsychologicalbase.Theaural-oralmethodbeganinthe1940’s.Itisbasedonbehaviorism.Oneofitspsychologicaltheoryisthatlearningalanguageisformingasetofnewlanguagehabit.
Thisisitsusualprocess:
Stimulus-Response-Reinforcement.
Theaural-oralmethodisfitfortheteachingofbeginningstage.ItfocusesonthepracticeoforalEnglish.ButtoomanydrillsarebeingpracticedwithoutanycontextorgivenconditionssowhatislearnedisisolatedclausesAndithavefewcommunicativefunctions.
Thetwo-waycommunicationmakesupforthedefectincommunicativeabilityinthetraditionalteaching.Two-waymeanstherelationshipofthecommunicationbetweentheteacherandthestudents.
Thisrelationshipisconnectedwiththecommunicativeactivitiesbetweentwopeople.Thismethodisdifferentfromthetraditionalaural-oralmethod.ButitalsobasesontheprocessofS-R-R.sowecallitanewtypeofaural-oralmethodhassomepeculiarities.
ItcancreateafreshenvironmentforspeakingEnglish.
Itneedssomenecessaryexplanationsofgrammar,includingsomesentencestructures.
Hintsarethemajorwayofpractice.
Teacherscancontrolthepracticewhollyorpartly.
Thepracticecanalsobecontrolledbystudentsfreely.Theinternalforceofstudyisnotduetotheinterestsinphoneticstructure,butthecontentofthematerial.
Tomakethecorrectresponse,thestudentsareaskedtopaymoreattention.
Example:
Teacher:
AskmeifIamastudent.
Student:
Areyouastudent?
Teacher:
Tellme-No,You’reateacher.
Student:
No,I’mateacher.
Inthisexample,“Askme”meansthatthestudentmustsayaquestionsentencewhile“Tellme”showswhatthestudentsmustsayadeclarativesentence.Butbeforedoingthis,theteachermustexplainsomethingabouttheexchangeofinterrogativesentenceanddeclarativesentence.
Thetwo-waycommunicationcanlengthenthedialogvelimitlessly.Thisisitsadvantage-Atthesametime,ifthestudentwantstogivethecorrectresponse,hehastothinkithard.Thesentenceisnoteasilyforgottenwhichiscreatedbythemselvesthroughthinking,sometimeswiththeteacher’shint.Youcantalkfreely.Youcanexpressyourselfaswellasyoucan.Forexample:
Ifyouwanttoaskmoreabout“father”orotherfamilymembers,thedialoguecangoonasfarapossible.
So,inaword,theaural-oralmethodisnotaout-of-dateone,butausefuloneEspeciallyitisfitforthebeginningstage.Itattachestheimportancetotheoraldrills,andhasabadcommunicativefunction.Itisonlyusedtoaphoneticbase.Afterall,theaimofthelanguagelearningistocommunicate.Sothetwo-waycommunicationismoreeffectiveanddirect;butitisalsofitforthebeginningstage.
⒊Reading
Readingisanimportantwayofgaininginformationinforeignlanguagelearning.Itisabasicskillforaforeignlanguagelearner.Thereisalotofreadingexercisesinanexaminationtoday.Butallthesereadingsmustbedoneinlimitedtime.Sostudentsareasdedtoreadthemcorrectlyandwithacertainspeed.Todothis,youshouldchangeyourbadreadinghabitandraiseyourreadingefficiency.
Newwordspreventyoufromreadingfast.Onewaytoovercomethisproblecmisguess.TherearemanywaystoguessthemeaningofanewwordFirst,youshouldfindsomehints.Context,somephrases,suchas“means”,“referto”,“inotherwords”,“Thatistosag”,areallthehints.
Model1
A:
middle-agedprofessorsaidhiswifewastooextravagant,becausenomatterhowmuchhegiveherforthehouseholdexpenses,shealwaysranshort.
Inthissentence,themeaningoftheword“extravagantcanbeeasilyguessed”.
Model2
Prometheusstayedchainedtothelockformanyyears,Thenatlastthemighty.
Herculescameforthandbrokethebonds-butthatisanotherofthewonderfulstoriesoftheGreeks.
Inthisparagraph,thewords“stayedchained”isthehint,soyoucanguesswhat“bonds”means.
Inthissentence,thewordsafterthedashshowthemeaningofthewords“partides”(微粒).
Besidesthewaysmentionedabove,youcanguessaccordingtotheword-formation,forexample:
Child-childless,Marx-Marxism
Large-enlarge,tell-foretell
Australian+Satellite→Aussate
State+run→state-run
Sometimesyoucan’tguessthewordsmeansIfthewordsdoesn’taffectyourreading,letitbe.Foxexample:
AGermantoldmethatalloverChinatheyuseGourmetpowderintheirfood,Itwillgiveyouhigherbloodpressure.
Youmayknowthatgourmetitakindofthingthatcanbeeat.Butitdoesn’tmatterwhetheryouknowwhatitis.
Anotherproblemthataffectyourreadingspeedisyourreadinghabitandyourreadingskill.
Someonereadswordbywords.Someonereadswithhisfingerpointingtotheword’sorwithhisheadshaking.Thoseareallbadhabits.Youshouldreadphrasebyphrase.Don’tblinkyoureyessooftenanddon’tshakeyourheadJustmoveyoureyeball.That’senough.Ifyouwanttogetmorewordinformation,theremubeaproperdistance-betweenyoureyesandthereadingmaterial.
Ithinkbrowsingisanimportantstepwhileyouaredoingyourreadingcomprehension.
Somestudentsbegintoreadatoncewhenhegetareadingmaterial,evenwithoutknowingitstitleafterreadingformanytimes,hewon’tunderstandwhatthearticlesays.
Lookingthroughthematerialfirstmeansforereading.Inanexamination,youwanttogaintheinformationwhichthequestionask,youcan’treadthematerialinausualway,youcan’treadthewholematerialwordbyword.Youhavetoomitsomesentences,sometimesevenawholeparagraph,whichhasnothingtodowiththequestions.
Ithinkyoumightreadthegivenquestionsfastaswell,thenthematerial,Thereisaadvantagetodothiswhenyoureadthematerialwiththequestionsyoucansaveyourtime.
Model
AFestivalAtmosphere
AtmidnightonNewYear’sEve,PeopleinRome,Italy,throwoutallthethingsnolongerwant.Thestreetsarefilledwitholdchairs,b
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