土木工程材料课程论文.docx
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土木工程材料课程论文.docx
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土木工程材料课程论文
Materialsforseabuildinginthefuture
Applicant:
YuhanLi
StudentI.D.:
05112221
Department:
civilengineering
advisingprofessor:
YameiZhang
December17,2013
SOUTHEASTUniversity
Contents
Abstract2
1.Introduction2
1.1TheimportanceoftheExploitationofmarine2
1.2ResearchMethods3
2.TheMarineEnvironment3
2.1theseawater’stemperature3
2.2Thesalinityofthesea3
2.3Seawater’smoving4
2.4Marineorganisms4
2.5Seawaterpollutions5
2.6Oceanacidification5
3.offshoreengineeringnowadays5
3.1Theseacity5
3.2theSeaAirport6
4.Problemstobesolved6
4.1Generaleffect6
4.1.1marineerosion’seffecttomaterials6
4.1.2Impermeabilityofmaterial7
4.1.3metalscorrosion7
4.1.3.1electrochemicalcorrosion8
4.1.3.2Microbialcorrosion8
4.1.3.3Protectionthematerialsfromcorrosion9
4.1.3.3.1Platingandtheapplicationofenamel9
4.1.3.3.2Corrosioninhibitors9
4.1.3.3.3Anodizing10
4.2TheMarineDisasters10
4.2.1kindsofTheMarineDisasters10
4.2.2measurestoforeseeMarineDisasters11
5.Aboutthefuture11
5.1inthefuture11
5.1.1Abouttheconcrete11
5.1.2Repairmaterials12
5.1.3component’sIndustrialproduction12
5.2Inthefarfuture13
5.3Intheveryfarfuture15
6.Damagetothemarineenvironment17
7.Conclusion17
Acknowledgment:
18
Reference18
Abstract
Theoceanisthehopeofthe21stcentury,sotheMarineengineeringconstructionwillbenecessaryinthefuture,Constructiondependsonthematerialusedandtheconformationdesigned.Butthenewconformationneedthematerialstosupport,sothematerialisveryimportantintheMarineengineeringconstruction.UnderthehelpoftheinternetandthelibraryofSoutheastUniversity,IanalyzedtheThemainfactorsintheseawhichaffecttheabilityofmaterialsindetailandbringforwardsomesolutionstothoseproblembyThecurrentscienceandtechnologyandputforwardsomekindofmaterialsmaybeexistinthefuture(inmyimaginary)
Keywords:
material,marine,future
1.Introduction
1.1TheimportanceoftheExploitationofmarine
Theoceanisthehopeofthe21stcentury
Intheonehand,bythedevelopmentofscienceandsocialprogress,themarinewillbeatremendoustreasureforhumanbeinginthefuture.TostrengthenthedevelopmentandutilizationofwaterresourcesoftheseaisthemainlymeasurewhichcanreducetheFreshwaterCrisis;what’smore,theseawaterisnotonlythevaluablewaterresources,butalsocontainingalotofchemicalresourcessuchaspetroleum,naturegas,coal,placer,flammableiceandsoon.
Ontheotherhand,bythescientistsforecasting,Ineachdoublingofcarbondioxideintheatmosphere,Theaveragetemperatureallaroundtheworldwillriseby1.5~4.5℃,andthetemperaturearoundThepolarregionswillrisebynearly3timesoftheaveragevalue.Oncethetemperaturerising,thepolaricecoverwillbedecreasing,whichcausetheSea-levelriseintheend.ofcauseitisexpectedtohaveanumberofimpacts,particularlyoncoastalsystems.[1]Suchimpactsmayincludeincreasedcoastalerosion,increasedlossofpropertyandcoastalhabitats,increasedfloodriskandpotentiallossoflife,impactsonagricultureandaquaculturethroughdeclineinsoilandwaterquality,andlossoftourism,recreation,andsoon.
WiththecontinuousdevelopmentoftheoceansandthechangingofMarineEnvironment,theMarineengineeringconstruction’spositionwillbecomingmoreandmoreimportant,andaseriesofEngineeringMaterialsissuescausedbyitneedbetakenintoearnestconsiderationbyus.
1.2ResearchMethods
TheresearchmethodsIadoptedislookfortheinformationfromtheinternetandthelibraryoftheSoutheastUniversity,discusswithroommateandwonderbymyself.theopinionofthechapterof"theveryfarfuture"istotallyimaginedbymyself,whichmaybeincredibleandstrangetoyou.Sodon’tbesoseriousaboutit.
2.TheMarineEnvironment
theMarineEnvironmentisverycomplex,therearemanyfactsthatcanaffecttheabilityofthematerials,suchastemperature,salinity,water’smovingandsoon.Inordertosolvetheproblemaboutthemasdd,weneedtoknowthefacts
2.1theseawater’stemperature
Theverticalstructureoftheseawater’stemperaturecanbedividedintothreebasiclayers,asurfacemixedlayer,wheregradientsarelow(about100munderthesurfaceoftheocean),athermoclinewheregradientsarehigh,andapoorlystratifiedabyss.[2]
AlthoughthattheGreenhouseeffectwillinfluencethetemperatureoftheseawater,Idon'tthinkthattheseveralcentigrade’schangewilleffecttheworkabilityofmaterialssomuch.
2.2Thesalinityofthesea
Thesalinityofthesea:
Thesalinityofabodyofwatervarieswithevaporationfromitssurface(increasedbyhightemperatures,windandwavemotion),precipitation,thefreezingormeltingofseaice,themeltingofglaciers,theinfluxoffreshriverwater,andthemixingofbodiesofwaterofdifferentsalinities.[3]
Majorsolutesinseawater(3.5%salinity)[4]
Solute
Concentration(‰)
%oftotalsalts
Chloride
19.3
55
Sodium
10.8
30.6
Sulphate
2.7
7.7
Magnesium
1.3
3.7
Calcium
0.41
1.2
Potassium
0.40
1.1
Bicarbonate
0.10
0.4
Bromide
0.07
0.2
Carbonate
0.01
0.05
Strontium
0.01
0.04
Borate
0.01
0.01
Fluoride
0.001
<0.01
Allothersolutes
<0.001
<0.01
Asthedataabove,therearemanykindsofSoluteinthesea,liketheChlorideandMagnesium,whichwillcorrodethesteel,andhaveabadinfluenceontheworkabilityofthestructure
2.3Seawater’smoving
ThereareKelvinWaves,Kelvinwaves,Tides,andmanykindsofOceancurrentinthesea.ThewaveswillcausemarineerosionandTideswillcausetheAlternatingbetweenwetanddry,andtheOceancurrentwillalsohaveinfluenceonthestructure
2.4Marineorganisms
Cyanobacteriacanoccurasplanktoniccellsorformphototrophicbiofilms.Theyarefoundinalmosteveryendolithicecosystem[5],theycanproduceoxygenasagasasaby-productofphotosynthesis,cyanobacteriaarethoughttohaveconvertedtheearlyreducingatmosphereintoanoxidizingone,sothereareplentyofoxygenabovenearbythecyanobacteria.Ifthereareconstructnearby,theWaveerosionzoneoftheconstructwillbeerodemoreserious.
Andwhattheseaenvironmentwillbelikeinthefuture?
2.5Seawaterpollutions
Mostwaterpollutantsareeventuallycarriedbyriversintotheoceans,anditalsocausedbymen’sactiononthesea(suchasShipsdumprubbish,oiltanker’sleaking,thedevelopingofmineralundertheoceans).thepollutedwaterbepollutedintotheseawithoutthinking,anditisoutofthebearingoftheocean,itleadpollutingtosomeplaceofthesea)
2.6Oceanacidification
OceanacidificationisthenamegiventotheongoingdecreaseinthepHoftheEarth'soceans,causedbytheuptakeofcarbondioxide(CO2)fromtheatmosphere.Between1751and1994surfaceoceanpHisestimatedtohavedecreasedfromapproximately8.25to8.14[6],representinganincreaseofalmost30%inH+ionconcentrationintheworld'soceans.
3.offshoreengineeringnowadays
Let’sanalyzetheoffshoreengineeringnowadays
theoffshoreengineeringnowadayshavebeendevelopedquicklysinceMid-20thcentury.ItmainlycontaintheOffshoreplatformsandman-madeislandabovetheShallowwatersofthecontinentalshelf,andtheconstructsamongtheDeepwatersofthecontinentalshelfsuchasPontoonplatform,mobilesemi-submersibleunit,self-elevatingunit,andakindofplatformsusedtoexploreandproductOilandgasandsoon.
MarineengineeringconstructionisrefertotheBuildingconstructionandpreparationactivitiesusedtorealizetheMarineProduction,Marinetraffic,Marineentertainment,Marineprotectionandsoon,whichcontainHarborconstruction,Coastalstationbuilding,coastalembankmentconstruction,marinetunnels,bridgesbuildings,Subseapipelinesandequipmentinstallationlineandsoon
ImainlytalkabouttwokindoftheMarineengineeringconstruction:
theseacityandtheseaairport
3.1Theseacity
TheseacityisrefertotheLargelivingareasetabovetheseawhichcontainnewcityfunction、newTransportsystem,andholdseveraltenthousandpeople.ThelargestMaritimeCityistheArtificialislandinKobe,Japan(日本神户人工岛).KobeartificialislandlocatedaboutthreekilometerssouthofKobe,Hyogo,Japansea,rectangular,somethingwideand3kmlong2.1kmfromnorthtosouthand14kilometers,withatotalareaof4.36squarekilometers.thereareResidentsontheArtificialislandof20,000people,allkindsoffacilities,internationalrestaurants,hotels,shops,museums,swimmingpoolsontheisland,hospitals,schoolsandthreeparks,aswellasleavethecasinoand6000residentialunits.Kobeartificialislandwastheworld'slargestman-madeseacity,enjoythenameof"twenty-firstcenturycityonthesea".[7]
3.2theSeaAirport
theSeaAirportrefertoaairportwhichbuildingAircrafttakingoffandlandingrunwaysontheFixedoffshorestructuresorFloatingstructures.KansaIInternationalAirportisthefirstairporttobebuiltcompletelyonanartificialislandin1994,whichhavetobuiltonanartificialislandbecausemanyofitsneighborshadfiledcomplaintsaboutthenoisepollutionproblems.theartificialisland,4km(2.5mi)longand2.5km(1.6mi)wide,wasproposed.Engineersneededtoovercometheextremelyhighrisksofearthquakesandtyphoons.itmadeofalotofhugesteelboxwhichbejointedinmanySteelfloatingbodieswhichareSemi-submersibleinwater,thehugesteelboxesisAbovesealevelastheairport,andmooringatseaWithanchor.
4.Problemstobe
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