文学思考题.docx
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文学思考题.docx
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文学思考题
I.Answerthefollowingquestions:
1,WhatistheinfluenceoftheNormanConquestuponEnglishlanguageandliterature?
2,WhataretheessentialfeaturesofromanceintheMedievalEnglishliterature?
3,Makecommentsontheromance“SirGawainandtheGreenKnight”.
Key
1,TheinfluenceoftheNormanconquestuponEnglishlanguageandliterature:
Aftertheconquest,thebodyofcustomsandidealsknownaschivalrywasintroducedbytheNormansintoEngland.Theknightlycode,theromanticinterestinwomen,tendernessandreverencepaidtoVirginMarywerereflectedintheliterature.
WiththecomingoftheNormans,Anglo-Saxonssanktoapositionofabjectness.Theirlanguagewasmadeadespisedthing.FrenchwordsofWarfareandchilvary,artandluxury,scienceandlaw,begantocomeintotheEnglishlanguage.ThusthreelanguagesexistedinEnglandatthattime.TheNormansspokeFrench,thelowerclassspokeEnglish,andthescholarsandclergymenusedLatin.
Theliteraturewasvariedininterestandextensiveinrange.TheNormansbegantowritehistoriesorchronicles.MostofthemwerewritteninLatinofFrench.
TheprevailingformofliteratureinthefeudalEnglandwastheRomance.
2,TheromancewastheprevailingformofliteratureintheMiddleAges.Itwasalongcomposition,sometimesinverse,sometimesinprose,describingthelifeandadventuresofanoblehero.Itsessentialfeaturesare:
1)Itlacksgeneralresemblancetotruthorreality.
2)Itexaggeratesthevicesofhumannatureandidealizesthevirtues.
3)Itcontainsperilousadventuresmoreorlessremotefromordinarylife.
4)Itlaysemphasisonsupremedevotiontoafairlady.
5)Thecentralcharacteroftheromanceistheknight,amanofnoblebirthskilledintheuseofweapons.Heiscommonlydescribedasridingforthtoseekadventures,takingpartintournaments,orfightingforhislordinbattle.Heisdevotedtothechurchandtheking.
3Thestoryof“SirGawainandtheGreenKnight”istheculminationoftheArthurianromances.Theword“romance”herereferstosomeversenarrativethatsingsofknightlyadventuresorotherheroicdeeds,andusuallyemphasizesthechivalriclove,faithandcourageoftheMiddleAgesinEurope.
Theromancecontainsfoursections,2530lines,derivedfromCelticlegend.Itisoneofthemostdelightfuloldromancesinanylanguage.Inform,itisaninterestingcombinationofFrenchandSaxonelement.Itiswritteninanelaboratestanzacombiningmeterandalliteration.Attheendofeachstanza,thereisarimedrefrain.
Ithastwomainmotifsinthestory,oneisthetestingoffaith,courageandpurity,theotheristheprovingofhumanweaknessforself-preservation.Thetwomotifsprovidethepoemwithunmistakabletraitsofchivalricromances,plussomestrongChristiancoloring.
Besides,theromancegivesthereaderanengrossingtalewelltold,vestedinbeautifulpoetryandcontainingmanyartisticmerits.Fromtheromance,wecanseethecarefulinterweavingofoneepisodewithanother.Wecanseethevarioussuspenseandsurpriseasthestoryunfoldsitself.ThepsychologicalanalysisofSirGawain,asheencountersonestrangeissimpleandstraightforward.Thatiswhythepoemhassharedgreatpopularityoverandabovemostotherromancesofperiod.Ofcourse,ithassuperstitionandsupernaturalelements.AndtheheroicadventuresofSirGawainaresoughtafterandcarriedoutratherforadventures’sakethanforanyotherworthycause.
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II.Answerthefollowingquestions.
1,WhatisthefunctionofthePrologueto“TheCanterburyTales”?
2,WhatisChaucer’scontributiontoEnglishlanguage?
3,SummarizeChaucer’sliterarycareer.
4,Whatisthesocialsignificanceof“TheCanterburyTales”?
Key
1,ThePrologueisasplendidmasterpieceofrealisticportrayal,thefirstofitskindinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.FromthePrologue,wecanseethatChaucerisatalentedportraitpainter.ThebroadsweepsofhisbrushinthePrologueareimpressiveandunforgettable.EachofthepilgrimsornarratorsispresentedvividlyinthePrologue.ThepilgrimsarepeoplefromvariouspartsofEngland.Theyaretherepresentativesofvarioussidesoflifeandsocialgroups,withvariousinterests,tastesandpredilections.Thepilgrimsrangefromtheknight,thesquire,theprioress,throughthelandedproprietorandwealthytradesman,downtothedrunkencookandhumbleplowman.Therearealsomonks,nuns,priests.Andtherearealsoadoctor,alawyer,asummoner,asailor,amillerandanOxfordscholar.WithafeelingofsympathyChaucerdescribestheClerk,apoorphilosopherwhospendsallhismoneyonbooks.AmongthepilgrimsthereisaWifefromthetownofBath,agailydressedmiddle-agedwidow,whohopestofindahusbandinCanterbury.Inshort,eachofthenarratorsrevealhisorherownviewsandcharacter.ThusChaucercreatedastrikingbrilliantandpicturesquepanoramaofhistimeandhiscountry.AndthusChaucer’srealism,trenchantironyandfreedomofviewsreachedahighlevelofpower.ItisnoexaggerationtosaythattheProloguesuppliesaminiatureoftheEnglishsocietyofChaucer’stime.Lookingathispicturegallery,weknowatoncehowpeoplelivedinthatera.SoChaucerwaspraisedbyGorkyas“thefounderofEnglishrealism”.Ontheotherhand,thereisalsoanintimateconnectionbetweenthetalesandthePrologue,bothcomplementingeachother.ThePrologueprovidesaframeworkforthetales.
2,Chaucer’slanguageisvividandexact.Hisverseissmooth.Hiswordsareeasytounderstand.HeintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzasofvarioustypes,especiallytherhymedcoupletofiambicpentameterwhichwaslatercalledthe“heroiccouplet”toEnglishpoetry.ThoughdrawinginfluencefromFrench,ItalianandLatinmodels,heisthefirstimportantpoettowriteinthecurrentEnglishlanguage.ChaucerdidmuchinmakingthedialectofLondonthefoundationformodernEnglishlanguage.
3,SummarizeChaucer’sliterarycareer.
Chaucer’sliterarycareercanbedividedintothreeperiodscorrespondingwiththoseofhislife.ThefirstperiodreferstotheperiodofFrenchinfluence(1359-1372).InthisperiodhewroteinthemannerofcontemporaryFrenchpoets.Amonghisoriginalpoemsinhisearlyperiod,thebestknownis“TheBookoftheDuchess”,anelegywrittenuponthedeathofthefirstwifeofthepoet’spatronJohnofGaunt.“TheRomanceoftheRose”isatranslationfromaFrenchpoem“RomandelaRose”.
ThesecondperiodreferstotheperiodofItalianinfluence,especiallyofDanteandBoccaccio(1372-1386).Inthisperiod,hechieflyusedthe“heroic”stanzaofsevenlines.Hismainworksinthisperiodarethreelongerpoems,TheHouseofFame,TroilusandCriseyde,TheLegendofGoodWomen.
Thethirdperiodreferstotheperiodofthismaturity(1386-1400).Inthisperiod,heisnolongertheinterpreterofotherpoets.Hehashisownchoiceofsubjectanddiction,hisowngraspofplotsandcharacters.Hismasterpiece“TheCanterburyTales”wasproducedinthisperiod.Hemainlyusedthe“heroiccouplet”.
4,SocialSignificanceof“TheCanterburyTales”
Inhismasterpiece“TheCanterburyTales”,Chaucergivesusatrue-to-lifepictureofthesocietyofhistime.Takingthestandoftherisingbourgeoisie,heaffirmsmenandopposesthedogmaofasceticismpreachedbythechurch.Asaforerunnerofhumanism,hepraisesman’senergy,intellect,quickwitandloveoflife.Histalesexposeandsatirizetheevilsofhistime.Theyattackthedegenerationofthenoble,theheartlessnessofthejudge,thecorruptionoftheChurchandsoon.
Livinginatransitionalperiod,Chaucerisnotentirelydevoidofmedievalprejudices.Heisreligioushimself.Thereisnothingrevolutionaryinhiswriting,thoughhelivedinaperiodofpeasantuprisings.Whilepraisingman’srighttoearthlyhappiness,hesometimeslikestocrackaroughjokeandpaintnaturalisticpicturesofsexuallife.TheseareChaucer’sweakpoints.Buttheseare,however,ofsecondaryimportancecomparedwithhisachievementasagreatpoetandstory-teller.
III.Answerthefollowingquestions
1.WhatisthewritingstyleofBacon’sessays?
2,MakeacommentontheimageofSatanin“ParadiseLost”.
3,WhatarethefeaturesofMilton’spoetry?
4,Makeabriefintroductionabout“ParadiseLost”.
5,Tosomeextent,wecansay,SamsonisMilton,Why?
6,Discussthethemeandcharacterizationof“ParadiseLost”.
Key
1.Bacon’sessayshavealiterarystylepeculiartotheirown.Theyarenotedfortheirclearness,brevityandforceofexpression.Bacon’schiefconcernistoexpresshisthoughwithclearnessandinasfewwordsaspossible.Hissentencesareshort,pointed,incisive,andoftenofbalancedstructure.Manyofthemhavebecomewiseoldsayings.Generallyspeaking,Bacon’sliterarystylehasthreeprominentqualities:
directness,terseness,andforcefulness.
2.Thefinestthingin“ParadiseLost”isthedescriptionofhell,andSatanistherealheroofthepoem.Likeaconqueredandbanishedgiant,heremainsobeyedandadmiredbythosewhofollowhimdowntohell.Heisfirmerthantherestofthefallenangels.Itisalwaysfromhimthatdeepcounsels,unlooked-forresourcesandcourageousdeedsproceed/Itishewho,passingthroughtheguardedgatesofhellandboundlesschaos,amidsomanydangers,andovercomingsomanyobstacles,makesmanrevoltagainstGod.Thoughdefeated,heprevails,sincehehaswonfromGodthethirdpartofhisangels,andalmostallthesonsofAdam.Thoughwounded,hetriumphs,forthethunderwhichoverwhelmedhimleftheartstillunvanquished.
3.1)Miltonisagreatrevolutionarypoetofthe17thcentury.Heisalsoanoutstandingpoliticalpamph
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