哈工大数控技术大作业.docx
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哈工大数控技术大作业.docx
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哈工大数控技术大作业
《数控技术》课程(2014)
大作业
院(系)
专业
姓名
学号
班号
任课教师
完成日期
哈尔滨工业大学机电工程学院
2014年3月
说明
一、大作业应包括下列主要内容:
1.目录;
2.题目1的要求(精简版)与报告;
3.题目2的要求(精简版)与报告;
4.题目3的要求(精简版)与报告;
5.其他内容
二、注意事项:
1.报告可以打印,也可以手写,手写的请扫描后粘贴入word文件中,形成电子文档;
2.调研部分,不要为了凑字数,而撰写大量无关内容。
字数不重要,重要的是对调研内容的自我总结;
3.在大作业的最后,如果愿意,可以谈一下对课程的感受和建议;
4.报告的电子版请以班级为单位,刻录在光盘中交给任课教师。
三、报告请用A4纸双面打印,左侧装订,统一交给任课教师,以备检查。
四、此说明页请勿删除。
第一作业调研报告………………………………………………………………4
一、目的…………………………………………………………………………4
二、调研正文……………………………………………………………………4
Abstract…………………………………………………………………4
Mainbody………………………………………………………………4
Reference………………………………………………………………10
第二作业典型曲线插补方法…………………………………………………11
一、目的…………………………………………………………………………11
二、要求…………………………………………………………………………11
三、DDA椭圆插补……………………………………………………………11
1、椭圆插补参数设置……………………………………………………11
2、椭圆插补步骤设置……………………………………………………12
3、插补器的结构框图……………………………………………………12
4、DDA法椭圆插补的终点判别…………………………………………12
四、DDA法椭圆插补实例………………………………………………………13
第二作业数控编程仿真系统开发…………………………………………15
一、目的…………………………………………………………………………15
二、要求…………………………………………………………………………15
三、钻削循环G81功能的系统程序开发………………………………………15
1、开发语言的选择及其优势………………………………………………15
2、G81钻削循环指令特性分析……………………………………………15
3、G81开发流程图…………………………………………………………16
4、钻削循环运动仿真………………………………………………………16
5、主要模块开发流程………………………………………………………16
6、仿真实例…………………………………………………………………23
第一作业调研报告
一、目的
数控系统是数字控制系统简称,英文名称为NumericalControlSystem,是数控机床的关键技术所在。
早期是由硬件电路构成的称为硬件数控(HardNC),70年代以后,硬件电路元件逐步由专用的计算机代替称为计算机数控系统。
计算机数控(Computerizednumericalcontrol,简称CNC)系统是用计算机控制加工功能,实现数值控制的系统。
CNC系统是根据计算机存储器中存储的控制程序,执行部分或全部数值控制功能,并配有接口电路和伺服驱动装置的专用计算机系统。
CNC系统由数控程序输入装置、输出装置、计算机数控装置(CNC装置)、可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)、主轴驱动装置和进给(伺服)驱动装置(包括检测装置)等组成。
请以课堂所学习的知识为基础,对课程中所涉及的任一知识点进行调研。
可以调研知识点的发展脉络,也可以重点介绍该知识点的发展现状、争议与未来发展趋势。
要求每位同学调研的知识点不同。
二、调研正文
Abstract
Nowadays,numericalcontrolmachineplaysanimportantroleintheareaofmachinerymanufacture.Andtheservosystemisoneofthemostimportantpartsofthemachines.Someintroductionoftheservosystemisgiveninthearticle.
Keywords:
servosystem,introduction,numericalcontrolmachine
First,anoverviewoftheservosystemisbasedonmechanicalmovementofthedrivenequipment,motorsforthecontrolobjecttothecontrollerasthecore,powerelectronicpowerconversiondevicesfortheimplementingagencies,automaticcontroltheoryintheformofelectricaltransmissionundertheguidanceofautomaticcontrolsystems[1].
Suchsystemscontrolthemotortorque,speedandangle,theelectricalenergyintomechanicalenergy,mechanicalmotionrequiredtoachievemovement.Specificinoutliningtheservosystembasedonmechanicalmovementdrives,motorsforthecontrolobjecttothecontrollerasthecore,powerelectronicpowerconversiondevicesfortheimplementingagencies,intheautomaticcontroltheoryformedundertheguidanceofautomaticcontrolsystemforelectricaltransmission.Suchsystemscontrolthemotortorque,speedandangle,theelectricalenergyintomechanicalenergy,mechanicalmotionrequiredtoachievemovement.
SpecificallyintheCNCmachinetools,CNCservosystemreceivestheissueofdisplacement,speedcommand,thetransform,adjustandputthewholebig,bythedrivemotorandmechanicaltransmissionaxismachinetool,spindle,etc.,andtheturrettabledrivenbyaxisoftheworkpiecerelativetothelinkagesothatthetoolproduceavarietyofcomplexmechanicalmovementrequiredtoprocesstheuserthecomplexityoftheshapeoftheworkpiece[2].
CNCmachinetoolsastheexecutivebodyoftheservosystemwillpowerelectronicdevices,control,driveandprotectionasoneset,andwiththedigitalpulsewidthmodulationtechnology,specialelectricalmaterialstechnology,microelectronictechnologyandmoderncontroltechnology,experiencingfromsteptoDC,thentotheexchangeofdevelopment.
CNCmachinetoolsinawiderangeofservosystem,thepapersimplybyanalyzingitsstructureandreturnpoints,itstechnicalstatusanddevelopmenttrenddiscussedbriefly.
Second,theservosystemstructureandclassificationfromthebasicstructure,theservosystemconsistsofthreecomponents:
controllers,powerdrives,feedbackdevicesandelectricmotors[3].
Controllergiveninaccordancewithnumericalcontrolsystemthroughthefeedbackdevicevalueandtheactualoperationofthevalueofdetectingthedifference,adjustthevolumecontrol;-powerdriveasthesystem'smainloop,ontheonehandbycontrollingthesizeofthegridintheamountofelectricityappliedtothemotoron,adjustthesizeofthemotortorque,ontheotherhandaccordingtotherequirementsofthemotortothepowergridconstantvoltageconstantfrequencyisconvertedtoACorDCmotorsrequired;thesizeofthemotoraccordingpowereddragmachinesrunning.
Themaincomponentoftheservodiversesystems,whichcanconstituteanypartofthechangesindifferenttypesofservosystems.Ifaccordingtothetypeofdrivemotor,canbedividedintoDCservoandACservo;accordingtodifferentmethodsofcontrollerscanbeclassifiedintoanaloganddigitalservo;basedonthenumberofclosed-loopcontroller,canbedividedintoopen-loopcontrolsystem,single-loopcontrolsystem,controlsystemandmulti-ringdouble-loopcontrolsystem[4].ServosystemconsideringtheapplicationofCNCmachinetools,machinetoolsinthispaperaccordingtothedifferenttransmissionmachinerywillbedividedintoservoandspindleservofeed,andthentodiscusstheotherelementsaccordingtodifferenttechnicalcharacteristicsoftheservosystem.
Third,ServoSystemStatusandProspectofCNCmachinetoolfeedservotocontrolthevariouscoordinatesoftheobject,resultinginthecuttingtoolfeedmovement.Tothisend,requirementscanquicklyadjustthefeedservoaxisvelocityandpositioncanbepreciselycontrolled[5].Specificrequirementsofitswidespeedrange,thedisplacementofhighprecision,goodstability,fastdynamicresponse.Accordingtothesystemusedbyelectricmotors,Servocanbedividedintosteppingservo,DCservo,ACservoandlinearservo.
(A)Steppingservosystemisasteppingservocontrolwithpulse,andpulsesignalsintoacorrespondingangulardisplacementofthecontrolsystem.Theangulardisplacementandthenumberofpulsesproportionaltospeedandpulsefrequencyproportionaltothepulsefrequencycanbeadjustedbychangingthemotorspeed.Ifyoushutdownsomewindingremainsenergizedafterthestate,thesystemalsohasself-lockingcapability.Weekperrevolutionsteppermotorhasafixednumberofsteps,suchas500steps,1000steps,50000steps,andso,intheory,theerrordoesnottakeitsstep.SteppingServosimplestructure,consistentwiththedevelopmentneedsofthedigitalsystem,buttheaccuracyispoor,highenergyconsumption,lowspeed,andthegreaterthespeed,thelowerthepower.SteppingServoparticularlyeasystep,itismainlyusedforspeedandlessprecisionCNCmachinetoolsandtheeconomictransformationofoldequipment.
Butinrecentyearsdevelopedpermanentchopperdrive,PWMdriver,micro-stepdrive,stepmicroservodriveandhybridtechnology,makingthesteppermotorhighfrequencycharacteristicshavebeengreatlyimproved,especiallywiththeSmartmicro-stepdrivetechnologydevelopment,willstepservoperformancetoanewlevel.
(B)WiththeDCservosystem,theworkingprincipleoftheDCservoisbuiltbasedonthelawoftheelectromagneticforce.Associatedwiththeelectromagnetictorqueareindependentofthetwovariablesthemainfluxandarmaturecurrent,theywereexcitingcurrentandarmaturecurrentcontrolcanbeeasilytorqueandspeedcontrol.Ontheotherhandfromthecontrolpointofview,theDCservocontrolisasingle-inputsingle-outputsingle-variablecontrolsystems,classicalcontroltheoryisfullyapplicabletosuchsystems,therefore,asimpleDCservocontrolsystem,speedperformance,theCNCmachinetoolsthefeeddriverhasdominated.However,fromapracticaloperationalconsiderations,theintroductionoftheDCservomotormechanicalreversingdevice.
Itshighcost,failureandmoredifficulttomaintain,oftenbecauseofthecarbonbrushescreatesparkswhichaffectproduction,andotherdevicesproduceelectromagneticinterference.
Atthesametimethecapacityformechanicalcommentator,limitingthecapacityandspeedofthemotor.Motorarmatureintherotor,makingthemotorefficiencyislow,poorheatdissipation[6].Toimprovethecapacityofreversing,reducingthearmatureleakageinductance,rotorbecomeshortandthick,affectingthesystemdynamicperformance.
(C)DCmotorservosystemforthedefects,ifitdid"turninsideoutside",i.e.,theassemblyoftheelectricdrivearoundthestatorandrotorforthepermanentpartoftheencodershaftbytherotormagneticpolepositionmeasuredtoconstituteapermanentmagnetbrushlessmotor,andwiththepracticalmethodsofvectorcontrol,theACservosystemhasgoodservocharacteristics.Thewidespeedrange,highaccuracysteadyspeed,fastdynamicresponseandfourquadrantoperation,goodtechnicalperformance,itsdynamicandstaticcharacteristicsarefullycomparablewiththeDCservosystem.Atthesametimeweakeningspeedcontrolcanbeachievedtobroadenthescopeofthesystemspeedtomeettherequirementsofhighperformanceservodrives.
Atpresent,themachinetoolservoismainlyusedinpermanentmagnetsynchronousACservosystem,therearethreetypes:
analogform,digitalform,andsoftwareform.Analogservousesasingle,onlytoreceiveanalogsignals,positioncontrolisusuallyachievedbythehostcomputer.Digitalservocanberealizedbyamachine,suchasmakingthespeed,torqueandpositioncontrol.Instructionstoreceiveanalogandpulsecommand,variousparame
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