英语词汇学自学考试复习总结资料.docx
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英语词汇学自学考试复习总结资料.docx
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英语词汇学自学考试复习总结资料
Chapterone
ThedefinitionofWord:
(thetwooftenquoteddefinitionsfromBloomfieldandanoutstandingFrenchlinguist,AntoineMeillet.)
Bloomfield:
“somelinguisticforms,whichwecallboundformsareneverusedassentences.Awordthen,isafreeformwhichdoesnotconsistentirelyof(twoormore)lesserfreeforms.Inbelief,awordisaminimumfreeform.”
AntoineMeillet:
“Awordisdefinedbytheassociationofagivensensewithagivengroupofsoundscapableofagivengrammaticaluse.”
Inbrief,awordmaybedefinedasafundamentalunitofspeechandaminimumfreeform;withaunityofsoundandmeaning(bothlexicalandgrammaticalmeaning)capableofperformingagivensyntacticfunction..[sinˈtæktik]句法的
Allthewordsinalanguagetogetherconstitutewhatisknownasitsvocabulary.
TheDevelopmentofEnglishVocabulary
1.OldEnglish(449-1100)OE
ThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguagebeginswiththeconquestandsettlementofwhatisnowEnglandbytheAngloSaxon,whichreplacedtheCelticspokenbytheformerinhabitants.
Thenextsevenhundredyears(449-1100)areknownastheOldEnglish(OE)orAnglo-Saxon(AS)periodoftheEnglishlanguage.
Thevocabulary:
FiftyorSixtythousandwords,whichwerechieflyAnglo-SaxonwithasmallmixtureofOldNorsewords.
LongbeforetheinvasionofEngland,Anglos-SaxonborrowedaconsiderablenumberofLatiinwordsandthencontinuedtoadoptwordsduringtheOldEnglishperiod,especiallyaftertheintroductionofChristianityintoBritainin579.
2.MiddleEnglish(1100-1500)ME
ThetransitionalperiodfromOldEnglishtoModernEnglishisknownasMiddleEnglish,whichischaracterizedbythestronginfluenceofFrenchfollowingtheNormanConquestin1066.
SincetheFrench-speakingNormansweretherulingclass,Frenchwasusedforallstateaffairsandformostsocialandculturalmatters;butthemassescontinuedtospeakEnglish.Onlytowardthe15thcenturydidEnglishbecomeoncemorethelanguageofthewholecountry.
3.ModernEnglish(1500-thepresent)
TheEnglishlanguagefrom1500tothepresentiscalledModernEnglish.
IntheearlystageofModernEnglish(1500-1700)theRenaissance[riˈnæsns]broughtgreatchangestothevocabulary.
TherenewedstudyofGreekintheRenaissancenotonlyledtotheborrowingofGreekwordsindirectlythroughthemediumofLatin,butalsoledtotheintroductionofsomeGreekwordsdirectlyintotheEnglishvocabulary.
Fromthe16thcenturyonward,Englishborrowedwordsfromanincreasingnumberoflanguages,themajoronesbeingthethreeRomancelanguages,French,SpanishandItalian.
French:
attaché,charged’affairs,café.
Italian:
(music,artandarchitecture)concert,duet,piano,solo,tenor;model,studio;dome,piazza.
Spanish:
armada,cargo,cocoa,cigar.
EnglishalsoadoptedwordsfromotherEuropeanlanguages.Portuguese(caste,pagoda),German(bismuth,cobalt,nickelandzinc);Dutch(dock,freight,keel);Russian(Vodka,troika,rubleandtsar)
Attheturnofthe19thand20thcenturies,asaresultofexploration,colonizationandtrade,manywordscameinfromnon-Europeanlanguages.
Example:
boomerang,kangaroo,dingo(Australian)
Sugar,sultan,alcohol(Arabic)
Coolie,cashmerekhaki(Indian)
Schmozzo,schmaltz(herbrew)
AssummedupinTheEncyclopediaAmericana:
“theEnglishlanguagehasvastdebits.Inanydictionarysome80%oftheentriesareborrowed.ThemajorityarelikelytocomefromLatin,andofthosemorethanhalfwillcomethroughFrench.AconsiderablenumberwillderivedirectlyorindirectlyfromGreek.AsubstantialcontributionwillcomefromScandinavianlanguages,andasmallpercentagefromPortuguese,Italian,SpanishandDutch.Scatteredwordswillbefromvarioussourcesaroundtheglobe.”
TheRapidgrowthofpresent-dayEnglishvocabulary(EspeciallyafterWWII)anditscauses
AfterWWII,neologismssweptinataratemuchfasterthanthatoftheprewarperiod.Themainreasonsforthefrequentappearanceofneologismsarethree:
1.Markedprogressofscienceandtechnology.(nuclearbomb,explorationofspace,computerscience)
2.Socio-economic,politicalandculturalchanges.
3.Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages.
ClassificationofEnglishwordsAccordingtoDifferentCriteria.(byorigin,bylevelofusage,andbynotion)
A.Byorigin:
nativewordsandloadwords.
Nativewords:
WordsofAnglo-SaxonoriginorofOldEnglisharenativeEnglish.
LoanWords:
thoseborrowedfromotherlanguagesareloanwordsorborrowedwords.
MostnativewordsinModernEnglisharemonosyllabic..[ˈmɔnəusiˈlæbik]单音节的theyarefromthegreatmajorityofthebasicwordstockoftheEnglishlanguage.
Thebasicwordstockisthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedoveranumberofepochs.
Thefundamentalfeaturesofthebasicwordstockare:
1.Nationalcharacter:
wordsofthebasicwordstockbelongtothepeopleasawhole,nottoalimitedgroupnomatterwhatdialecttheyspeak;whichsocialclasstheybelong..
2.Stability:
Aswordsinthebasicwordstockdenotethecommonestthingsnecessarytolife,theyarelikelytoremainunchanged.(Howeversomeoldwordhaddroppedoutandsomenewwordshadin)
3.Word-formingability:
Basicwordsareveryactiveinformingnewwords.
4.Abilitytoformcollocation:
Basicwordscombinereadilywithotherwordstoformhabitualexpressionandphrases..[həˈbitjuəl]习惯性的
B.Bythelevelofusage
1.Commentwords:
Commonorpopularwordsarewordsconnectedwiththeordinarythingsoractivitiesnecessarytoeverydaylife.
ThegreatmajorityofEnglishwordsarecommonwords.Thecoreofthecommonwordsisthebasicwordstock.
2.Literarywords:
Literarywordsarechieflyusedinwriting,especiallyinbookswritteninamoreelevatedstyle,inofficialdocumentsorinformalspeeches.Theyarecomparativelyseldomusedinordinaryconversation.
Amongtheliterarywords,twocategoriesarenoteworthy:
(a)Archaicwords:
Archaicwordsarewordsnolongerincommonuse,althoughretainedforspecialpurpose.(Theyaresometimesemployedinpoetry,businessletters,etc.)
Abed---inbed;behold---see;belike---probably;natheless---nevertheless;perchance---bychance.
Archaicwordaremarkedas“arch.“,whicharedifferentfromobsoletewords.Obsoletewordsarethosecompletelyoutofcurrentuse.
(b)Poeticalwords:
Poeticalwordsarewordsthataretraditionallyusedonlyinpoetry.
Array---outfit;thedeep---thesea;stead---horse;morn---morning;
(c)Colloquialwords:
Incontrastwithliterarywords,colloquialwordsorexpressionsareusedmainlyinspokenEnglish,asinconversationamongfriendsandcolleagues.Theycanalsobeusedininformalwritings.[kəˈləukwiəl]口语的,
Examples:
Feelingfatigued,Tomretiredearly.(Literary)
Tomfeltsodog-tiredhehitthesackearly.(Colloquial)
Johnwasdismissedforpettythieving.(Common)
Johnwasfiredforpettythieving.(Colloquial)
(d)Slangwords:
SlangisdefinedintheSCDas“language,wordsorphrasesofavigorous,colourful,facetious,ortaboonature,inventedforspecificoccasions,oruses,orderivedfromtheunconventionaluseofthestandardvocabulary.”
(e)Technicalwords:
Technicalorspecialwordsrefertothosewordsusedinvariousspecialfields.Everybranchofscience,everyprofessionortrade,art,etc.
3.Bynotion:
functionwordsandcontentwords:
(A)Functionwords:
Functionwordsareoftenshortwordssuchasdeterminers,conjunctions,prepositions,auxiliaries,andsoforth.
Theydonothavemuchlexicalmeaningandsomeofthemhavenolexicalmeaningoftheirown;
Theyservegrammaticallymorethananythingelse.
Theybelongtoarelativelysmallandpermanentsetofwords.Thetotalnumberoffunctionwordsisabout154.
(B)Contentwords:
Theyhaveindependentlexicalmeaning,theyarethenouns,mainverbs,adjectivesandadverbsofalanguage.
ChapterTWO:
MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWords
1.Morphemes
Morpheme:
Themorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms.
EXAMPLE:
denationalization-----de+nation+al+iz+action
Amorphemeisalsoatwo-facetlanguageunitwhichpossessesbothsoundandmeaning.
Amorphemeisnotidentical(同一的)withasyllable([ˈsiləbl]音节),either,sincethelatterhasnothingtodowithmeaning.
Allomorphs:
Anallomorphisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsound.[ˈaləmɔ:
f]:
(词素变体)
2.ClassificationofMorphemes(Generallytwomaintypes:
Freemorphemes,Boundmorphemes.)
A.FreeMorpheme:
isonethatcanbeuttered[ˈʌtə]说,讲alonewithmeaning.Itcanexistonitsownwithoutaboundmorpheme.
Afreemorphemeisaword,inthetraditionalsense.
B.BoundMorpheme:
cannotstandbyitselfasacompleteutterance;itmustappearwithaleastoneothermorpheme,freeorbound.
EXAMPLE:
un---unkind;-ly---happily;re---receive;s---dogs;ex—boxes;ed---worked.
Alternatively,morphemesmaybedividedintoroots(orrootmorphemes)andaffixes(oraffixationalmorphemes)
C.Roots:
Arootisthebasicunchangeablepartofaword,anditconveysthemainlexicalmeaningoftheword.
Rootstherefore,arethecoresofEnglishwords.Historicallytherootistheearliestformofaword.Rootareeitherfreeorbound
a)Freeroots:
InEnglish,manyrootsarefreemorphemes.Freerootsbelongtothebasicword-stock,andhavethefundamentalfeaturesofthebasicword-stock.Afreerootsconsistsonemorpheme.
b)Boundroots:
Theyarenotwords,andsoarenotfreemorphemes;theycannotexistontheirown.
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