机械毕业设计英文外文翻译286空气及天然气钻井.docx
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机械毕业设计英文外文翻译286空气及天然气钻井.docx
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机械毕业设计英文外文翻译286空气及天然气钻井
本科生毕业设计(论文)
翻译资料
中文题目:
空气及天然气钻井
英文题目:
AirandGasDrilling
学生姓名:
学号:
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专业
指导教师:
ChapterOneIntroduction
Thisengineeringpracticebookhasbeenpreparedforengineers,earthscientists,andtechnicianswhoworkinmodernrotarydrillingoperations.Thebookderivesandillustratesengineeringcalculationtechniquesassociatedwithairandgasdrillingtechnology.Sincethisbookhasbeenwrittenforavarietyofprofessionalsandpotentialapplications,theauthorshaveattemptedtominimizetheuseoffieldequations.Alsothetechnicalterminologyusedinthebookshouldbeeasily
understoodbyallthosewhostudythistechnology.Innearlyallpartsofthebook,equationsarepresentedthatcanbeusedwithanysetofconsistentunits.AlthoughmostoftheexamplecalculationsuseEnglishunits,areadercaneasilyconverttotheSystemeInternationaled’Units(SIunits)usingthetablesinAppendixA.
Airandgasdrillingtechnologyistheutilizationofcompressedairorothergasesasarotarydrillingcirculatingfluidtocarrytherockcuttingstothesurfacethataregeneratedatthebottomofthewellbytheadvanceofthedrillbit.Thecompressedairorothergas(e.g.,nitrogenornaturalgas)canbeusedbyitself,orcanbeinjectedintothewellwithincompressiblefluidssuchasfreshwater,
formationwater,orformationoil.Therearethreedistinctoperationalapplicationsforthistechnology:
airorgasdrillingoperations(usingonlythecompressedairorothergasasthecirculatingfluid),aerateddrillingoperations(usingcompressedairorothergasmixedwithanincompressiblefluid),andstablefoamdrillingoperations(usingthecompressedairorothergaswithanincompressiblefluidtocreateacontinuousfoamcirculatingfluid).
1.1RotaryDrilling
Rotarydrillingisamethodusedtodrilldeepboreholesinrockformationsoftheearth’scrust.Thismethodiscomparativelynew,havingbeenfirstdevelopedbyaFrenchcivilengineer,RudolfLeschot,in1863[3].Themethodwasinitiallyusedtodrillwaterwellsusingfreshwaterasthecirculationfluid.Todaythismethodistheonlyrockdrillingtechniqueusedtodrilldeepboreholes(greaterthan3,000ft).Itisnotknownwhenaircompressorswerefirstusedforthedrillingofwaterwells,butitisknownthatdeeppetroleumandnaturalgaswellsweredrilledutilizingportableaircompressorsinthe1920’s[4].PipelinegaswasusedtodrillanaturalgaswellinTexasin1935usingreversecirculationtechniques[5].
Todayrotarydrillingisusedtodrillavarietyofboreholes.Mostwaterwellsandenvironmentalmonitoringwellsdrilledintobedrockareconstructedusingrotarydrilling.Intheminingindustryrotarydrillingisusedtodrillorebodytestboreholesandpilotboreholesforguidinglargershaftborings.Rotarydrillingtechniquesareusedtodrillboreholesforwater,oil,gas,andotherfluidpipelinesthatneedtopassunderrivers,highways,andothernaturalandman-madeobstructions.Mostrecently,rotarydrillingisbeingusedtodrillboreholesforfiberopticsandothertelecommunicationlinesinobstacleriddenareassuchascitesandindustrialsites.Themostsophisticatedapplicationforrotarydrillingisthedrillingofdeepboreholesfortherecoveryofnaturalresourcessuchascrudeoil,naturalgas,andgeothermalsteamandwater.Drillingboreholesforfluidresourcerecoveryrequiresboreholesdrilledtodepthsof3,000fttoasmuchas20,000ft.
Rotarydrillingishighlyversatile.Therotarydrillingapplicationsgivenaboverequirethedrillingofigneous,metamorphic,andsedimentaryrock.However,thedeepdrillingofboreholesfortherecoveryofcrudeoilandnaturalgasarealmostexclusivelycarriedoutinsedimentaryrock.Boreholesfortherecoveryofgeothermalsteamandwaterareconstructedinallthreerocktypes.Therotarydrillingmethodrequirestheuseofarockcuttingorcrushingdrillbit.Figure1-1showsatypicalmilltoothtri-conerollerconebit.Thistypeofdrillbitusesmoreofacrushingactiontoadvancethebitintherock(seeChapter3formoredetails).Thistypeofbitisusedprimarilyinthedrillingofsedimentaryrock.
Toadvancethedrillbitinrockrequirestheapplicationofanaxialforceonthebit(topushthebitintotherockface),torqueonthebit(torotatethebitagainsttheresistanceoftherockface),andcirculatingfluidtocleartherockcuttingsawayfromthebitasthebitgeneratesmorecuttingswithitsadvance(seeFigure1-2).
Rotarydrillingiscarriedoutwithavarietyofdrillingrigs.Thesecanbesmall“single”rigs,orlarger“double”and“triple”rigs.Todaymostofthelandrotarydrillingrigsaremobileunitswithfoldingmasts.Asingledrillingrighasaverticalspaceinitsmastforonlyonejointofdrillpipe.Adoubledrillingrighasaverticalspaceinitsmastfortwojointsofdrillpipeandatripledrillingrigspaceforthreejoints.Table1-1givestheAPIlengthrangesfordrillcollarsanddrillpipe[6].
Figure1-3showsatypicalsingledrillingrig.Suchsmalldrillingrigsarehighlymobileandareusedprincipallytodrillshallow(lessthan3,000ftindepth)waterwells,environmentalmonitoringwells,miningrelatedboreholes,andothergeotechnicalboreholes.Thesesinglerigsareusuallyself-propelled.TheselfpropelleddrillingriginFigure1-3isaGeorgeE.FailingCompanyStar30K.
TheserigstypicallyuseRange1drillcollarsanddrillpipe.
Singlerigscanbefittedwitheitheranon-boardaircompressor,oranon-boardmudpump.Someoftheserigscanaccommodatebothsubsystems.Theserigshaveeitheradedicatedprimemoverontherigdeck,orhaveapower-take-offsystemwhichallowsutilizationofthetruckmotorasaprimemoverforthedrillingrigequipment(whenthetruckisstationary).Thesesmalldrillingrigsprovideaxialforcetothedrillbitthroughthedrillstringviaachainorcableactuatedpull-downsystem,orhydraulicpull-downsystem.Apull-downsystemtransfersaportionoftheweightoftherigtothetopofthedrillstringandthentothedrillbit.Thetorqueandrotationatthetopofthedrillstringisprovidedbyahydraulictopheaddrive(similartopowerswivelsystemsusedonlargerdrillingrigs)whichismovedupanddownthemast(onatrack)bythechaindrivepull-downsystem.Manyof
thesesmallsingledrillingrigsarecapableofdrillingwiththeirmastsata45˚angletothevertical.Theprimemoverfortheserigsisusuallydieselfueled.
Figure1-4showsatypicaldoubledrillingrig.Suchdrillingrigsarealsomobileandcanbeself-propelledortrailermounted.Figure1-5showstheschematicofaself-propelleddoubledrillingrig.
ThetrailermounteddrillingriginFigure1-4isaGeorgeE.FailingCompanySS-40.Thesedoublerigshavethecapabilitytodrilltodepthsofapproximately10,000ftandareusedforoilandgasdrillingoperations,geothermaldrillingoperations,deepminingandgeotechnicaldrillingoperations,andwaterwells.DoublerigstypicallyuseRange2drillcollarsordrillpipe.Theserigsarefittedwithanon-boardprimemoverwhichoperatestherotarytable,drawworks,andmudpump.Theaxialforceonthedrillbitisprovidedbydrillcollars.Thetorqueandrotationatthetopofthedrillstringisprovidedbythekellyandtherotarytable.Thedoubledrillingrigshavea“crowsnest”or“derrickboard”nearlymidwayupthemast.Thisallowstheserigstopullstandsoftwodrillcollarjointsortwodrillpipejoints.Theserigscancarryoutdrillingoperationsusingdrillingmud(withthe
on-boardmudpump)orusingcompressedairorgasdrillingfluids(withexternalcompressors).Afewofthesedrillingrigsarecapableofdrillingwiththeirmastsata45˚angletothevertical.Theprimemoverfortheserigsisusuallydieselfueled,butcaneasilybeconvertedtopropaneornaturalgasfuels.
Tripledrillingrigsareavailableinavarietyofconfigurations.Nearlyallofthesedrillingrigsareassembledanderectedfrompremanufacturedsections.Theverticaltowerstructureonthesedrillingrigsarecalledderricks.Thesmallertriplelandrigscandrilltoapproximately20,000ftandutilizeRange2drillcollarsanddrillpipe.Verylargetripledrillingrigsareusedonoffshoreplatforms.TheserigscanutilizeRange3drillcollarsanddrillpipe.
TheschematiclayoutinFigure1-5showsatypicalself-propelleddoubledrillingrig.Thisexamplerigisfittedwithamudpumpforcirculatingdrillingmud.Thereisavehicleenginethatisusedtopropeltherigovertheroad.Thesameengineisusedinapower-take-offmodetoprovidepowertotherotarytable,drawworks,andmudpump.Forthisrig,thispower-take-offengineoperatesahydraulicpumpwhichprovidesfluidtohydraulicmotorstooperatetherotarytable,
drawworks,andmudpump.The“crowsnest”onthemastindicatesthattherigiscapableofdrillingwithastandoftwojointsofdrillpipe.Thisdrillingrigutilizesarotarytableandakellytoprovidetorquetothetopofthedrillstring.Theaxialforceonthebitisprovidedbytheweightofthedrillcollarsatthebottomofthedrillstring(thereisnochainpull-downcapabilityforthisdrillingrig).This
exampleschematicshowsarigwithon-boardequipmentthatcanprovideonlydrillingmudortreatedwaterasacirculatefluid.Thesmallaircompressoratthefrontoftherigdeckistooperatethepneumaticcontrolsoftherig.However,thisrigcaneasilybefittedforairandgasdrillingoperations.Thistypeofdrillingrig(alreadyfittedwithamudpump),wouldrequireanauxiliaryhookuptoexternalaircompressor(s)tocarry
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