说明文写作方法与技巧.docx

说明文写作方法与技巧.docx

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说明文写作方法与技巧

说明文写作方法与技巧

Writingmethods&strategies

1.Illustration举例法

♦Illustrationistheuseofexampletoillustrateapoint.Itisthemostcommon,andoftenthemostefficient,patternofexposition.

♦Goodexampleshelptoclarifyawriter’sthoughtbymakingthegeneralspecific,andtheabstractconcrete.

♦Goodexamplesalsoaddinterestandhelptopersuadeorconvincethereader.

Strategies

1.Establishingthewritingpurpose

toinform

topersuade

2.writingathesisstatement

Thethesisstatementwillhelpyoudevelopandstructureyouressay.

Itshoulddooneormoreofthefollowing:

i）statethecentralpointyouwilldiscuss

ii）clarifythepurposeofyouressay

iii）Presentyourperspectiveonthetopic

Examples:

✓Shanghaioffersterrificvacationpossibilitiesforpeopleofallageswithactivitiesthatappealtoeverytaste.

✓Keepingyoursenseofhumorcanhelpyoudealwithalmostanychallengeorobstacleyouwillfaceduringanordinaryday.

Thethesisstatementshouldclearlyindicatewhytheexamplesarebeingintroduced.

3.Developingthecontent

i）Examplesshouldberelatedtothepointbeingmade,andtheyshouldbetypicalandrepresentativeofthetypeunderdiscussion.

ii）Thebestexamplesareoftentakenfromyourownexperience.

Modelessay:

Friendship

Friendshipisaverydifficultthing.Itishardtohandle.Itcreatesmanydifferentproblems.InfactIwouldsaythatfriendshipishardtohandleasloveis,orevenmarriage.OfcourseIamnottalkingabouteasy-come-easy-gofriendship.Iamtalkingaboutfriendsyoucansharealmosteverythingwith.

MyfriendshipwithKathywasrealfriendship.Shemademelaugh.Shemademefeelwanted.Shewasnevertoobusytoseeme.Weweresixteenwhenwemetonthelocaltechnicalcollegeandwewerebothdoingthesamecourse.IwasverynervousthedayIstartedandKathywasthefirstpersonItalkedto.Asaresult,IreallyenjoyedmyyearattheTech.LikeIsay,shewasfun,shewaslively,shewassureofherself.Andalittlebitofhercharacterrubbedoffonme.

However,itwasnotaperfectfriendship.TherearetwothingsIhavetotellyouabout.Bothofthemtogetherbroughtourfriendshiptoanend.

IlearnedverysooninourfriendshipthatKathywasjealous.ShedidnotliketothinkthatIhadshedidnothave.Wewouldhavefungoingoutshopping.However,ifIbought,say,adressforparty,andshethoughtmydresswasbetterthanhers,shewouldstarttosayslightlyunkindthingsaboutit.

Theotherproblemwasmymother.ShethoughtKathywascommon.ShethoughtKathyhadabadinfluenceoverme…

ThankstoKathyIhadawonderfulyearattheTech.AsaresultIlookedforwardtogoingouttowork.PerhapsIfoolishlyimaginedthatwhereverIwentIwouldmeetanotherKathy.Butattheendofthatwonderfulyeartwothingshappenedthatdestroyedourfriendship.

……

2.定义法Definition

♦Whentherearesomewordsorexpressionsunfamiliaroruncleartoreaders,suchaseuphemismandtyphus,youneedexplainthesewordsorexpressionstohelpthereadersunderstand.

♦Thepurposeofprovidingdefinitionstodevelopessaycontentistoexplainthemeaningofawordorterminordertomakeapoint.

Typesofdefinition

1.synonym

✓Adingyroommeansadirtyroom.

✓Tobecourteousmeanstobepolite.

2.function

✓Anagencyisaplaceofbusinesswhichusuallyprovidesaspecifiedservice.

✓Atoastisacallonotherpeopletodrinktoapersonorthing

3.negation

ØAgoodteacherdoesnotjustteachstudentsknowledge,butteachesthemhowtobehave.

ØAlibraryisnotaplacetospendyourleisuretimebutaplacetoacquireknowledge.

4.classification

◆Adictatorshipisaformofgovernmentinwhichonepersonhasabsolutecontroloverhisorhersubjects.

◆Amuleisakindofanimalthatistheoffspringofanassandamare.

3.类比与对比法compareandcontrast

♦Comparisonandcontrastaremethodsofdevelopingideasbypointingoutsimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweensubjects.

♦Acomparisonstateshowthingsaresimilar.

♦Acontraststateshowthingsaredifferent.

Weusecomparisonandcontrastmainlyforthreepurposes:

●Toshowthesimilaritiesand/ordifferencesofthingsforfurtherevaluation

●Toshowthesuperiorityofonethingtoanother

●Toexplaintheunfamiliarbycomparingtothefamiliar

Writingtechniques

1.adominantthesisstatement

✓statethetopicofyourcomparisonandcontrast

✓mentionthepointsofcomparisonandcontrastyouwilldiscuss

✓explainwhetheryouwillfocusonsimilaritiesordifferencesorboth

Examples:

⏹Whilebothswimmingandrunningareexcellentformsofexercise,eachhasadvantagesthatapersonplanningaphysicalfitnessprogramshouldconsider.

⏹Collegestudentsinthesixtiesandseventiesfacemanyofthesamepressuresastoday’scollegestudents,buttheyarebetterequippedtowithstandthesepressures.

Writingtechniques

2.arrangingdetails

i）subject-to-subjectarrangement

presentthecompleteinformationononesubjectinthefirsthalfofyouressay,thenmoveontothesecondsubjectinthesecondhalfofthepaper

Thismethodworkswellwithshorteressays.

Model

Thedevelopmentoftransportationandthatofcommunicationhavemuchincommon.Thankstotheindustrialrevolution,meansoftransportationmakesagreatleapforward.Withtheinventionofthesteamlocomotivepeoplecantravelfasterbytrains,carsandships.Nowadayspeoplecantravelevenfasterbyairplanesandrocketplanes.Transportationdevelopsfastertomeetpeople’sneedfortravelingquicklyandcomfortably.

Similarly,communicationgoesforwardremarkablywiththecomingofinformationrevolution.Greatprogressinscienceandtechnologyenablespeopletocommunicatewitheachothermorequicklybytelegram,telephoneandradio.NowtheuseofcomputerhelpspeopletogatherinformationmoreefficientlybyE-mailandInternet.Thedevelopmentofcommunicationisquickeninginresponsetopeople’sneedforefficientandconvenientexchangeofinformation.

ii）Point-by-pointarrangement

compareorcontrastaparticularaspectofthesubjects,usuallyinthesameparagraph.Thenmoveontothenextpointtobecompared.

Thismethodismoreusefulforlongeressaysinwhichmanydifferentaspectsorcharacteristicsarebeingdiscussed.

Example:

Thereisdifferencebetweenscienceandtechnology.Scienceisamethodofansweringtheoreticalquestions;technologyisamethodofsolvingpracticalproblems.Sciencehastodowithdiscoveringthefactsandtherelationshipsbetweenphenomenainnatureandwithestablishingtheoriesthathelptoorganizethesefactsandrelationships;technologyhastodowithtools,techniques,andproceduresforputtingthefindingsofscienceintopracticaluse.

Remember:

nomatterwhichpatternyouuse,youshouldmaintainabalanceinthetreatmentofthetwosubjectsinyourwriting.Inotherwords,youshouldn’tdevotemostofyouressaytosubjectA,andonlyasmallfractiontosubjectB.

Writingtechniques

3.Avarietyoftransitionaldevices

i）bywords&expressionsforcomparison

thesameas,similarto,likewise,so,too/also,first/second/third…another,resemble,accordingly,correspondingly

Example:

Theydid,andbyamysteriouscoincidence,sodidshe.

ii）Bywords&expressionsforcontrast

but,yet,however,nevertheless,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,unlike,theoppositeto,incontrastto,although,while,inspiteof,more…than,notas…as

Example:

Theobjectivetestusuallyconsistofalargenumberofunrelatedquestionsthatrequirethestudenttodemonstratemasteryofdetails.Theessayexam,ontheotherhand,usuallyconsistofafewbroadlystatedquestionsthatrequirethestudenttoorganizehisresponsesinessayform.

iii）Byparallelism

Example:

Thebrightchildiscuriousaboutlifeandreality,eagertogetintouchwithit,embraceit,unitehimselfwithit.Thedullchildisfarlesscurious,farlessinterestedinwhatgoesonandwhatisreal,moreinclinedtoliveinworldsoffantasy.

4.分类法Classification

♦Toclassifyistogroupitemsintocategoriesaccordingtosomeconsistentprinciplesorthecharacteristicsthosethingshaveincommon.

♦Itisaprocessofbringingorderoutofconfusion,agoodwaytomakeyourpointclear.

4.分类法Classification

♦CollegePressures

Economicpressureparentalpressure

Peerpressureself-inducedpressure

5.因果说明法Causeandeffect

♦Acause-effectessayisapieceofexpositorywritingshowingorexplainingthecauseand/oreffectofsomething.

♦Explainingcause:

analyzingthereasonunderlyinganeventthathasalreadyoccurred.

Whydoescollegetuitioncontinuetorise?

♦Predictingeffect:

gaugingtheconsequencesofaneventthathasyettooccur

Whatarethepositiveandnegativeeffectsoflegalizinglotteries?

Writingtechniques

1.Establishingyourwritingpurpose

toinform

topersuade

toshare

Writingtechniques

2.Writingathesisstatement

coveroneormoreofthefollowing:

i）Describethecentralpointyouwilldiscuss

ii）Explainwhetheryourfocuswillbeoncauses,effectsorboth

iii）Statethebasiccausesoreffectsandtheorderinwhichtheywillbepresented

Writingtechniques

Examples:

ØWecanworktosolvethetrafficcongestionprobleminShanghaiifwelookatthemaincauses:

ever-increasingprivatecarsandignoranceoftrafficrules.

ØIfallcollegedormswereequippedwithcomputers,studentswouldbeabletoobtainmanyusefulresourcesforstudiesandrelylessonteachers.

Writingtechniques

3.Developingcontent

obviouscausesdirectlyrelatedtoeffects

increasingcarstrafficjam

subtle/underlyingcauses