工作满意度指标及其相关因素外文翻译可编辑.docx
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工作满意度指标及其相关因素外文翻译可编辑.docx
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工作满意度指标及其相关因素外文翻译可编辑
工作满意度指标及其相关因素外文翻译
外文翻译
JobSatisfactionIndicatorsandTheirCorrelates
MaterialSource:
AmericanBehavioralscientistAuthor:
StanleyE.
Seashore
Conceptionsofjobsatisfactionuntilveryrecentlyhavebeen
largelypsychologicalandindividualistic
inorientation.Empirical
studieshavebeenconfinedtolocalsituationsorspecialpopulationswith
interpretivepurposesreflectingthevaluesofemployedindividualsor
oftheirmanagers.However,ifjobsatisfactionmeasuresaretobeuseful
inmonitoringthequalityofemploymentonasocietalscale,itwillbe
necessarytoenlargetheperspective,toinvokesomesocietaland
politicalvalues,andtobegintotreatjobsatisfactioninthecontext
ofalargerarrayofassociatedvariablesThemeasurementofjob
satisfactionasasocialindicatormayhavethreeroles:
1torepresent
avaluedproductofsociety-acomponentofthepsychologicalGNP;2to
provideamonitoringanddiagnosticaidfor
'earlywarningofsocietal
dislocations,policyorprogramfailure,
andslowlydevelopingsocietal
changes;and3toprovideasignificantcomponentinthetheoriesand
modelstobeusedintheformulationofsocialpolicyandprograms.
measureswillbeinthesethreeroles.
Theutilityofjobsatisfactionmeasuresrests
onthedevelopment
ofmultiplemeasurementmethodsthatarestandardized,
suitableforwide
use,andcapableofdetectingpopulationdifferencesandpopulation
changes.Inaddition,theutilityrestsuponthesemeasureshavingan
agreedconceptualand“realworld”referenceaswellasaknownmatrix
ofcausalandconsequentialrelationshipstoothersignificantvariables.
Bothrequirementsmustbemetbeforeconvincingproofcanbeadvancedas
tothepracticalutilityofjobsatisfactionmeasuresforanticipating,
understanding,andinfluencingfutureoutcomesofpresent
societal
conditionsThesethemesprovidethestructureforthispaper.In
thenext
section,wegiveanoverviewofthestateoftheartinthemeasurement
ofjobsatisfaction.Thesectionfollowingthatprovidesanapproachto
organizing,ormodeling,thecorrelatesofjobsatisfaction.Thefinal
sectionsuggestssomeprioritiesforfurtherresearchanddevelopment.
JOBSATISFACTIONINDICATORS
Thissectionsummarizesconsiderationsthatbearuponthe
choice
ofapproachesandoperationalmethodsformeasuringjobsatisfaction.We
shalllimitthediscussiontoapproachesthatrestupondirectinquiry
throughintervieworquestionnairemethodstoproducedatathatcanbe
aggregatedtoprovidejobsatisfactionindicatorsforvariouslydefined
populations.Weexcludefromdiscussion:
1indirectapproachesthatdrawinferencesaboutjobsatisfactionfrompresumedcausalorconsequential
phenomena;2approachesthatareprimarilyindividualisticanddiagnosticand,therefore,notusuallyapplicableforgeneratingpopulation
andtheoretical
indicators;and3approachesthathaveutilityprimarilyforempirical
discoveryratherthanforpopulationdescription
purposes.
We
first
reviewthecommonlyusedformsofprimarydata,
thensome
commonly
used
derivativejobsatisfactionindicators.A
schemeis
presented
toguidetheevaluationoftheseseveralindicators.
Theseare
appliedtodrawimplicationsforpreferredfuturemethods.
without
Throughoutthepaper,exceptwherenoted,wewillusetheterm
jobsatisfaction”inclusivelytoreferalsotodissatisfactionintendedprejudicewhethersatisfactionanddissatisfactionarebesttreatedaspolaroppositesorastwoconceptuallydifferentvariables.
PRIMARYDATA
Byprimarydatawemeanthe“raw”responsesgivenbyindividual
respondentstoverbalquestionsorcomparablestimuli.Thereappearstobeafixedrosterofbasicformsofprimarydata,eventhoughinnumerablevariationsontheseareknown.Twokindsofprimarydataaredistinguished:
facet-freeandfacet-specific.
Facet-freeprimarydataareobtainedwhentherespondentisasked
toindicatehisglobalsatisfactionwithhisjobandjobenvironment
withoutspecifyinginadvancethefacetstobeconsideredorhowtheyaretobecombined.Ineffect,eachrespondentprovidesanetresponsederivedfromhisownsetoffacets,weightedorotherwisecombinedinhisownuniquefashion,withunstatedanduniqueassumptionsnotonlyaboutthecontextforevaluation,butalsoabouthisown“fit”tothejobandits
reality”definedbyhisown
environment,andwiththeenvironmentalperceptionsandcognitions.Normative,cognitive,andunconsciouselementsintheevaluationareinvited.Thestimulusquestionsareusuallyphrasedornonverballydisplayedwithanintenttoimposethefewestpossibleconstraintsuponhisperceptual,cognitive,andevaluativeprocesses.Severalcomplementarystimulimaybeusedtodiversifytheunavoidableconstraints.
Facet-specificprimarydataareobtainedwhentherespondentis
askedtorepresenthissatisfactionwithrespecttosomespecifiedfacetofhisjoborjobenvironment.Sincethefacetspecificationisneverexhaustiveordefinitive,thedifferencebetweenafacet-freeanda
facet-specificinquiryisonlyoneofdegree.Forexample,thequery“Howconsiderationofunspecifiedsubfacetsamountofpay,certaintyofpay,rateofincrease,adequacytoneed,andsoforth,unspecified“reality”lastweek'spay,payafterdeductions,payconfidentlyexpectednextyear,andthelike,andunknownperceptual,cognitive,andevaluativeprocesses.
satisfiedareyouwithyourpay?
”elicitsanetresponsethat
includes
Nevertheless,facet-specificmethodsallowtheinquirersomecontrolover
therangeoffacetstobeincludedin
hisdata,anaddeddegreeof
comparabilityamongdifferentrespondents,andcloserandmoreconfident
reality”ofthejob
linkagebetweentheresponseobtainedandtheenvironmentorofthepersonunderinvestigation.Facet-specificqueries,thus,varyintheirspecificity.Inaddition,theytakethefollowingforms:
adirectreportofdegreeofsatisfactionwithfacetsatisfaction;
bamountordegreeoffacetprovidedbyjobisnow;
camountordegreeoffacetrespondentwouldliketohavewould
like;
damountordegreeoffacetrespondentshouldbeprovidedshould
be;
eimportanceoffacettorespondentimportance.
Theformsofresponseexistingreatvariety,includingsimple
check-listor“yes-no”responses,rankordering,scalarresponsese.g.,
Likertscales,“faces,”andthelike,andthemorecomplexformssuchas“self-anchoring”scales.Whilethesealternativesinviteusefuldiscussionabouttheirrelativereliability,efficiency,simplicity,itemutility,andconceptualassumptions,suchissueswillnotberaisedhere.Eachalternativeprovidesprimarydatapermittingaggregationfor
populationcomparisonorsocialindicatorpurposes.
DERIVEDDATA
Inthecaseofprimarydatathatrepresentthedirectorimplied
expressionofjobsatisfaction,socialindicatorsmaybederivedbya
simpleaggregationofprimarydataforindividualsandthenanaggregation
ofindividualdataforthepopulation.Thisisoftendone,forexample,
withrespecttomulti-item,facet-freeprimarydata,andwithprimarydata
oftypesaandbabove.However,morecomplexformsofderivative
indexes
arecommonlypreferredforvariousreasons.Proceduresfor
deriving
indexesfromprimarydatainclude:
1differentialweightingofitems;2
clusteringofitemsintofactorsordimensionsonconceptualor
empirical
grounds;3convertingprimarydatato
deriveddiscrepancyscoreson
usesin
theoretical,conceptual,orempiricalgroundsbeforeaggregation;4retainingindividualfacetitemdatafordifferentialinterpretationoranalysis;5removingsomeuncontrolledresponsevariancebeforeaggregation;and6adjustingprimarydataforknownorpresumedbiasbeforeaggregation.Anyoftheseproceduresmaybeemployedsinglyorincombinationwithothers.Thelastthreeproceduresarerelativelytrivialoratleastnoncontroversialatthepresenttime;thefirstthreearetopicsofcurrentinquiryanddispute.
CORRELATESOFJOBSATISFACTION
Thissectionreviewswhatisknownandwhatshouldbecomeknownwithrespecttothecorrelatesofjobsatisfaction.Therangeofknown
correlativesisdisplayedinawaythatwillaidtheassessmentofthepotentialroleofjobsatisfactionasoneindicator,amongothers,ofthequalityofemployment.Someexamplesofreportedempiricalcorrelations
donotattempttoreview
willbegivenforillustrativepurposes,butweandcatalogallpublishedreportsbearingonthematter,nortoprovideevaluationofthevariousempiricalgeneralizationsthathavebeenadvanced.Weshallignoreforthepresentthediversityofconceptandmeasurementofjobsatisfactiontreatedintheprecedingsection.
SOCIALINDICATORSANDINTERPRETATIVEMODELS
Themeaningofanysocialindicatorisfoundinitsassignedrole
insomeconceptionofhowthesociety“works.”Thus,ameasuredchangeinsomeindicator-infantmortalityrate,forexample-isuninterpretableapartfromsomeknownorassumeddynamicstructureofsequentialchangesthatrelatestheobservedchangetocauses,consequences,andmoderatingconceptualfactors.Ideally,oneshouldhaveanempiricallyvalidatedtheory,broadinscope,embracingmultiplecausesandconsequences,capableofaccommodatingadditionalvariablesi.e.,anopensystem,andonethattreatschangesovertimei.e.,adynamictheory.Suchaninterpretivemodelwouldpermittheevaluationofachangeinsomesocialindicatorinseveralusefulways,mostimportantlyinestimatingfutureimplicationsoftheobservedchangeandinidentifyingpossiblesocietalactionstoforestallorcounteractundesirableconsequences.
Withrespecttojobsatisfaction,theredoesnotexistany
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