Case Studies in Tourism Planning.docx
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Case Studies in Tourism Planning.docx
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CaseStudiesinTourismPlanning
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INTRODUCTION
Thisarticlepresentsthreecasestudiesdesignedtodemonstratethetheoriesandtechniquesoutlinedearlier.Itwillbecomeevidentthateachcasefocusesonafewofthetechniquesdescribed,ratherthanincorporatingallequally.Inreallife,eachsituationisuniqueandrequiresacustomizedapproachtoplanning.Itiswhentourismplannersuseacookie-cutterapproachtoallproblemsthatdifficultiesoftenarise.Mosttourismevelopments,fromtheperspectiveofeithertheentrepreneurorthecommunity,neverthelessencounterissuesthatarelikelytobecommontoallcases.Theseusuallyinclude:
concernswithsupplyanddemand;cost-benefit
analysis;cost-unitanalysis;establishingarangeoffeesandcharges
fortheproductthatthemarketwillbear,andtheeconomicimpact
ofthedevelopmentuponthosewhowillassumethecosts,both
physicallyandfinancially.Inaddition,therearelikelytobeissuesof
processandresourceallocation,suchaswhodefinesthevisionon
whichdevelopmentisbased,andhowdecisionsaremadewhenthere
areconflictingviewsandopinions.
Alldevelopmentrepresentswhateconomistscall‘opportunity
costs’–thatis,oncearesourcehasbeenallocatedandusedforone
purpose,societyforgoesitsuseforsomeother,perhapsequally
importantpurpose.Therearealsotwomajorpracticalconcernsof
tourismanalysis:
theevaluationandselectionofsuitableresourcesfor
thefacilityoractivitybeingplanned;andtheidentificationand
managementoftheconflictsbetweenusersofthesameresource.
Finally,inpartsoftheworldwheretraditionalculturesareinvolved,
tourismplannersmustgrapplewiththeconsequencesofthecommodification
ofculture.Itisinthisdomainthattourismdevelopment
canhavedrasticeffectsonpeople’severydaylivesandevenontheir
basicconstructionofreality.Tourismdevelopmenthastoooften
changedthelivingpatternsofcommunitieswithoutgivingmuch
thoughttotheconsequencesofthosechanges.Thisisillustratedby
theshortdiscussionoftheLadakhisandtheCanadian
compositecommunityscenarioalsopresentedinthatarticle.
Thisarticleexaminesseveralcasestudiesinlightoftheissues
outlinedabove.Eachcasestudyrepresentsanattempttodealwith
anumberoftheissuesraisedinthisarticle.Whileitwillbeevident
thattheprocessesdeployedineachcasearefocusedoncertainareas
andnotonothers,thestudieswerechosenbecauseitwasfeltthat
theirplanningactivityhadproceededinawaythatwasgenerally
consistentwiththevaluesoutlinedinthisarticle.Ineachcase,a
concertedattemptwasmadetotakethewelfareofthecommunity
andtheenvironmentintoaccount,ratherthanonlytheinterestsof
profitmaximization.Attemptsweremade,inotherwords,to
incorporatemuchofthephilosophyoutlinedinthepreceding
articles.Fundamentally,thesecasessawattemptsto
instituteaplanningprocessthatrecognizedthepartnershipbetween
theproducer(theenvironmentorculture),thesupplier(thetourism
industry),andtheconsumer(thetourist),asdepictedinFigure5.3.
Thus,eachcasediscussedapproachestourismdevelopmentfroma
systemsperspective.
Itisimportanttoidentifyexamplesoftourismdevelopmentthat
giveproperattentiontothevarioussubsystemswithintheplanning
processandtheirrelationtoeachother.Thesecasesprovideliving
examplesofdevelopmentswhichrecognizethefactthatchangeto
onesubsystemproduceschangesthroughouttheentireprocess.
Moreover,examplesoftourismplanningthatchallengethe‘value
program’(McMurtry,1999)onwhichtourismisconstructedaremost
instructive.Astourismplannersandcommunitiesconstructmore
holistictourismprojects,casestudiesdemonstratingtheimplementation
ofthesenewvaluesareimportant.Eachcasediscussedhere
recognizesthepotentialimpactsonallthoseconcerned,whether
theyaredirectlyinvolvedinadevelopmentoraffectedbyinevitable
changestothesocialandnaturalenvironmentinwhichtheylive.
Itisimportanttorememberthatpeoplelivingincommunities
dominatedbytourismarepartoftheprojectwhethertheywishto
beornot,simplybyvirtueofwheretheylive.Eachofthe
developmentprocessesexaminedinthesecasestudiesrecognizes
thatfact,andhavebasedtheirplanningprocessuponit.Inthese
casestudies,tourismdevelopmentisviewedaspartoftheoverall
socialandnaturalenvironmentinwhichitexists.Thevalueof
individualandsociallifeseemstoprovidethebasisonwhichtourism
isinitiatedandmanaged.
CASESTUDY:
GOLDEN,BC,ANDKICKINGHORSEMOUNTAIN
RESORT(KHMR)
Introduction
TheTownofGoldenislocatedintheinteriorofBritishColumbia,
Canada.ItisnestledintheRockyMountains,surroundedbya
naturalareawhichissoughtoutbyvisitorsforitsunique,spectacular
scenery.TheRockyMountainsprovideaworld-classresourcefor
skiingandotherrecreationalpursuits,bothactiveandpassive.The
areaisadjacenttothetrans-Canadahighway,whichisusedheavily
bytouriststravelingthroughtheRockyMountainstothewestcoast
ofCanada.InthepastmanyofthosetouristshurriedpastGoldento
getontootherdestinations,butnowtheyhaveareasontostay.
Goldensitsapproximatelyhalfwaybetweenthetwomajorairports
ofCalgary,Alberta,totheeast,andKelowna,BC,tothewest.The
journeytakesfourhoursbybusorcarfromeitherairporttoGolden.
Atthetimeofwriting,Goldendoesnothaveaninternationalairport,
butitdoeshaveasmallfacilitythatcouldbeexpandedforthis
purpose.Thereareotherskiingfacilitiesofequalqualitylocated
betweenGoldenandeachairport.
Goldenisahometoapproximately5,000people.Itisadjacentto,
butpoliticallyseparatefrom,amoreruralareaknownofficiallyas
AreaA.GoldenprovidesmanybasicservicestotheresidentsofArea
A,includingschools,anindoorrecreationinfrastructure,health
servicesandtheusualvarietyofretailstoresfoundinasmallrural
townofthistype.AreaAislocatedbetweentheTownofGolden,
includingthebenchlands,knownassuchbecausetheyaretheflat
landswhichlieatthebaseofthemountain,andwheretheresort
developmentissituated.
Initially,theeconomicconditionofGoldenandAreaArelied
mainlyonforestproductsandrailroading.Forestrystabilizedafterthe
closingofthemillatDonaldin1995.Therehasbeensignificant
developmentinwoodproducts,particularlyinpostbeamandwood
processing,butnotsufficienttosupporttheentirepopulation.Asa
CommunityImpactReportconcluded,
therehasbeenastrengtheningofthetourism/hospitalityindustry
intheregionwhichnowincludeseverythingfromproviding
accommodationandmealstothosedrivingthroughthemountain
parks,toprovidingbedandbreakfastorlodgeaccommodationto
thoseinterestedinparagliding,riverraftingandbackcountry
skiing.
(WestCoastCEDConsultingLtd,2001:
17)
Tourismintheareaisabouttoincreasebecauseofanew
developmentonalocalsectionoftheRockies.Aninternational
corporation,KickingHorseMountainResort(KHMR)isdeveloping
asectionofthemountain,includinganinternationalskiarea.While
theskirunshavebeenestablishedforsometimeasalocalfacility,
thecorporationplanstoexpandtheexistingnumberofruns,develop
arestaurantatthetopofthemountainandaskivillage,mainly
consistingofhotelsandotheramenities,atitsbase.Agondolawhich
carriespassengersupthemountainhasbeenputinplacetoincrease
thenumbersofskierswhocanbeaccommodated.Table7.1setsout
theproposeddevelopmentsforthisexpansion.
Table7.1SummaryoftheKHMRFacilitiesatFullBuildOut
Thisdevelopmentwilltransformtheareafrombeingthesiteofa
primarilylocalrecreationalfacilityintoaregional,andevenperhaps
international,tourismdestination.Withthedevelopmentofthe
gondolaandthemountain-toprestaurant,inparticular,andthe
additionalskirunsandbaselodgehousing,KHMRwillattract
increasingmarketattention.Itisprojected(WestcoastCED
ConsultingLtd,2001)thatover100,000skierswillvisitthemountain
skiresortonanannualbasis.Whilethismayfallwithintherange
thattheprojectedfacilitiescanbeexpectedtohandlewithoutgreat
difficulty,visitorswillnotpassthroughevenlythroughouttheweek
oryear,andthiscouldcauseperiodiccongestion.Themajorityof
visitorswillcomeatweekendsandduringholidays,whichcould
placestressonthecapacityofboththeresortandthecommunity
itself.Itisexpectedthatthenewfacilitieswillproduceaneconomic
benefittotheareaofapproximatelyeightmilliondollarsperyear
(Ibid,2001),withabouthalfofthatbeinggeneratedwithintheTown
ofGoldenitself.
SincethenewfacilitiesatKHMRwillbelocatedinAreaA,none
oftheresultingtaxrevenuesgeneratedwillbecollectedbytheTown
ofGolden,althoughmanyofthesite’svisitorsandworkerswill
receiveservicesfromthetown.Aproblemofequalimportance,
perhaps,isthefactthatAreaAhasnoofficialmunicipalplanor
zoningschemeinplacetocontroloraccommodatetheexpected
growth.ManyoftheresidentsofAreaAarephilosophicallyagainst
restrictinggrowth,andthereisastrongsensethatifyouownland
youshouldbeabletodowithitwhatyouwish,withoutgovernment
restriction.Understandably,themunicipalcouncilandresidentsof
Goldenarequiteconcernedaboutthisapproachtodevelopment,
giventhatthealreadyplannedresort
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