七年级上英语教材知识体系与知识点整理.docx
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七年级上英语教材知识体系与知识点整理.docx
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七年级上英语教材知识体系与知识点整理
Pronunciation
英语不同于汉语,它是拼音文字,读音和拼写之间有直接的联系。
因此,掌握英语语音基本知识是学好英语的基础。
在本套教材七年级上、下册以及八年级上册中,我们结合每个单元的内容,设计了“音素、音标——字母与字母组合的读音——朗读技巧”三个阶段的语音训练,来帮助学生学习英语语音。
Ⅰ.字母发音
Aa/e/Hh/et/Oo//Vv/i:
/
Bb/bi:
/Ii/a/Pp/pi:
/Ww/dbǀj:
/
Cc/si:
/Jj/de/Qq/ kj:
/Xx/eks/
Dd/di:
/ Kk/ke/Rr/ɑ:
(r)/Yy/wa/
Ee/i:
/Ll/eǀ/Ss/es/Zz/zed/,/zi:
/
Ff/e/Mm/em/Tt/ti:
/
GG/di:
/Nn/en/Uu/j:
/
Ⅱ.英语语音音素
英语共有44个音素,其中元音20个,辅音24个。
英语辅音和元音在语言中的作用相当于汉语中的声母和韵母。
记录英语音素的符号叫作音标,本套教材以最新“国际音标”来标记英语字母和单词的读音。
音标放在两条斜线(//)内,以免和字母混淆。
1.元音
/i:
////e//æ//ə// ɜ:
//ɑ:
// ʌ//ɔ:
//ɒ//:
//ʊ/
///a//I//ə//a////eə//ə/
2.辅音
清音/p// t// k//f//θ//s//ʃ//tʃ//tr//ts// h/
浊音/b//d//g//v//ð//z//ʒ//dʒ//dr//dz// r/
/m//n/ /ŋ/ /ǀ//w// j/
为了方便学生学习,我们把四个辅音连缀(/ts/,/dz/,/tr/,/dr/)也放在这里。
另处上述音素为英式发音。
Ⅲ.英语字母在单词中的读音
1.元音字母与元音字母组合在重读音节中读音
a
/e/
gamelatenameplanesalesametaketableDavid
/æ/
batbagblackdadfatmathmapthankhappyjacket
/ɒ/or/ɑ:
/
watchwhatwant
/ɑ:
/or/æ/
(在f,s,th等前)
afterasklastclassbasketballfather
al
/ɔ:
/
allballcallsmalltalkwalk
ay
/eɪ/
dayMayplaysay
ar
/ɑ:
/
artcarcardpartyMarchstar
e
/i:
/
hemeshewethese
/e/
bedegghelptengetdeskletnextselltwelve
ea
/i:
/
eatpleasespeakeasyteacher
/e/
headbreadbreakfasthealthysweater
ee
/i:
/
beefgreenmeetneedseefreethreeweekfifteen
er
/ɜ:
(r)/
herhersterm
ear
/ə(r)/or/ɪr/
dearnearhearclear
i
/a/
likeniceninepricetimewhitetidy
//
bigquiltthingthinktripwithmiddle
ir
/ɜ:
(r)/
firstgirlshirtskirtthirdbirthdaythirty
o
/əʊ/
nogosooldthoseclothesphonephotosofa
/ɒ/or/ɑ:
/,/ɔ:
/
boxclockdoglonglostsockdollarmodal
/ ʌ/
(在m,n,th,v前)
comelovemonthsonbrothermotherMonday
oo
/ʊ/
bookgoodlookfoot
/:
/
coolfoodroomschooltoo
or
/ɔ:
(r)/
shortsportmorning
ou
/aʊ/
foundsoundabouttrousers
ow
/aʊ/
brownhownow
oy
//
boytoy
u
/ j:
/
musicexcusestudentTuesdayusefulcomputer
//
butcupfunlunchmuchmustnumbersubjectuncle
/ :
/
blueJuneruler
ur
/ɜ:
(r)/
turnburgerpurpleThursday
2.元音字母和元音字母组合在非重读音节中的读音
a
/ə/(/ə(r)/)
aboutChinasaladsofabananavegetable
e/i
helloscienceApril
o/or
carrotsecondfavoritetomatocolordoctor
ar/er
dollarbrotherdinnerundernumber
u/ur
AugustdifficultSaturday
e
/ɪ/
eraserelevenrelaxing
i
Englisheveningmorningmusic
2.辅音字母和辅音字母组合的读音
b/b/batballBob
c/k/callcanmusic
/s/citypencilprice
d/d/daddateread
f/f/fatherfunafter
g/g/getgobig
/dʒ/orangegeographyvegetable
h/h/headhappyheavy
j/dʒ/Julyjacketsubject
k/k/keybookweek
l/ǀ/looklikeJuly
m/m/mapmathgame
n/n/nameneednine
p/p/penpartycup
r/r/redricebread
s/s/somesistersock
/z/hisalwaysyours
t/t/tapetableset
v/v/veryvegetablehave
w/w/weekwellwatch
x/ks/sixexcitingexcuse
/gz/examexample
y/j/yesyouryellow
z/z/zerozoosize
ch/tʃ/chairteacherMarch
ck/k/blackchickenJack
dr/dr/drawdrumchildren
ds/dz/bedscardssounds
kn/n/ knowknife
ng/ŋ/longEnglishmorning
nk/ŋk/thinkthankFrank
ph/f/phonephotogeography
qu/kw/quiltqueenquestion
sh/ʃ/sheshoefinish
tch/tʃ/watchmatchcatch
th/θ/thankthingmath
/ð/thatthisbrother
tr/tr/ triptrousersstrawberry
ts/ts/batshatshabits
wh/w/whatwhitewhen
/h/whowhosewhole
wr/r/writerwrongwrite
Ⅳ.英音和美音的读音简要对比
情况
英音
美音
1.英式英语中字母r有的发音,有的不发音;美式英语中无论在何种情况下字母r都发音。
sport/spɔ:
t/
star/stɑ:
(r)/
first/fɜ:
st/
sport/spɔ:
rt/
star/stɑ:
r/
first/fɜ:
rst/
2.英式英语中元音字母a读非卷舌音/ɑ:
/,美式英语中元音字母a读/æ/,但有的词例外,例如:
father,calm。
ask/ɑ:
sk/
after/ɑ:
ftə(r)/
father/fɑ:
ðə(r)/
calm/kɑ:
m/
ask/æsk/
after/æftə(r)/
father/fɑ:
ðə(r)/
calm/kɑ:
m/
3.英式英语中长短音比较明确,而美式英语中基本上不分长短音,短元音可以读成长元音,例如:
1)在英式英语中许多单词读作/ɒ/的,在美式英语中读作/ɑ:
/;
2)在英式英语中许多单词读作/ɒ/的,在美式英语中读作/ɑ:
/或/ɔ:
/。
box/bɒks/
sock/sɒk/
long/ǀɒŋ/
want/wɒnt/
box/bɑ:
ks/
sock/sɑ:
k/
long/ǀɔ:
ŋ/
want/wɑ:
nt/;/wɔ:
nt/
Ⅴ.朗读基本知识
1.单词重音
英语单词有单音节词、双音节词和多音节词之分。
含有一个响亮音素的声音片断叫作一个音节。
英语里的元音都是响亮的音素。
由一个音节构成的词叫作单音节词,例如:
hi,mom,dad,first,meet等等。
由两个或两个以上音节构成的词叫作双音节词或多音节词。
对于双音节词或多音节词,有的音节须读得重些,叫作重读音节;有的音节要读得轻些,叫作非重读音节。
重读音节用重音符号“′”标出。
双音节词的重读一般落在第一个音节上,例如:
jacket/′dʒækt/,question/′kwestʃən/,sweater/′swetə/
少数双音节词的重读在第二个音节上,例如:
excuse/ɪk′skj:
z/,July/dʒ′a/,about/ə′baʊt/
三音节词的重读一般也在第一个音节上,例如:
favorite/′fevərt/,vegetable/′vedʒtəb/,interesting/′ntrəstŋ/
少数三音节词的重音在第二个音节上,例如:
computer/kəm′pj:
tə(r)/,tomato/tə′mɑ:
təʊ/,
December/d′sembə(r)/
有的双音节词和多音节词有两个重音,一个是主重音,一个是次重音,次重音用“、”表示,标在次重音的左下方。
例如:
thirteen/θɜ:
(r)′ti:
n/fifteen/f′ti:
n/,
afternoon/ɑ:
ftə′n:
n/(/æftər′n:
n/)
2.连读(Liaison)
在朗读中,意义上有联系的词前一个单词末尾的辅音和后一个单词词前的元音有时可连起来读。
连读现象是在语言交际中,特别是随着语速的加快而自然产生的,可用符号“︵”表示。
常见的连读情况有:
1)辅音+元音
前一个词的词尾是辅音,后一个词以元音开头,这时两个词可以连读,例如:
It’sagoodidea.Comeon,Jack!
Isitonthedesk?
Lookatit.Letmegetit.Canyouplaygameswithus?
2)r/re+元音
前一个词的词尾是r或re,后一个词的词首是元音,这时两个词可以连读,中间增加一个/r/音。
例如:
Asktheteacherforit.Ineedapairofsportsshoesforschool.
Ⅵ.分单元语音练习
StarterUnit1Goodmorning!
Listenandread.
/e//æ//i:
//e/
Dalemaphepen
samethanktheseyes
Graceblackeveningspell
StarterUnit2What’sthisinEnglish?
Listenandread.
/a////əʊ//ɒ/or/ɑ:
/,/ɔ:
/
hiisnodog
finethisOKnot
whitequiltthoseorange
Pronunciation
StarterUnit3Whatcolorisit?
Listenandread.
/j:
//:
//ʌ/
usebluecup
excuserulerbus
computerJunemust
Unit1Myname’sGina.
1.Listenandread.
/i:
//ɪ//e//æ//ɜ:
(r)//ə(r)/
shesixeggblackherruler
wehisspelljacketfirstnumber
eveningmiddlesevenAlicegirlcolor
2.Listenandread.
1)A:
What’syourname?
B:
Myname’sJenny.
2)A:
What’syourtelephonenumber?
B:
It’s555-8903.
3)He’sAlan.She’sLinda.I’mBob.
Unit2Thisismysister.
1.Listenandread.
/:
//ʊ//ɔ:
(r)//ɒ/or/ɑ:
//ɑ:
(r)// ʌ/
toogoodfournotartson
schoollookshortBobcardmother
rulerbooksportclockpartynumber
2.Listenandread.
1)Thisismymother.Mom,thisisJohn.
2)Theseareherparentsandthoseareherbrothers.
3)Hi,I’mJenny.Ihaveaverynicefamily.
Unit3Isthisyourpencil?
1.Listenandread.
/au/
e
/a/
/(r)/or/r/
/e(r)/
or/er/
these
now
name
mine
dear
chair
photo
how
same
China
near
pear
sofa
found
eraser
library
here
parent
2.Listenandread.
1)A:
Isthisyour↗ruler?
B:
↘Yes,it↘is.
2)A:
Isthatyour↗schoolbag?
B:
↘No,it↘isn't.
3)A:
Aretheseher↗books?
B:
↘Yes,theyare.
4)Thesearemy↘keys.Arethoseyour↘keys?
Unit4Where'smyschoolbag?
1.Listenandread.
/p/
/b/
/t/
/d/
/k/
/g/
/s/
/z/
pencil
book
tidy
dog
key
girl
spell
zero
picture
blue
table
desk
color
grandpa
some
yours
tape
Bob
last
bed
ask
bag
nice
please
//
//
/m/
/n/
//
/w/
/y/
thing
this
mine
nine
ring
watch
yes
thank
they
model
know
thank
what
your
three
mother
room
pen
morning
white
yellow
2.Listenandread.
1)A:
Where'smy↘pencilbox?
B:
It'sonthe↘sofa.
A:
Howaboutmy↘schoolbag?
B:
It'sonthe↘table.
2)A:
What'syour↘name?
B:
Myname's↘Linda.
A:
What'syourphone↘number?
B:
It's237-657↘7.
Unit5Doyouhaveasoccerball?
1.Listenandread.
/f/
/v/
//
/t/
/d3/
Find
very
she
chair
Jane
fun
evening
short
teacher
jacket
after
love
English
watch
orange
/tr/
/dr/
Its/
/dz/
/l/
/r/
/h/
tree
draw
bats
beds
let
ring
hat
trousers
drum
hats
cards
look
great
hers
strawberry
children
sport
sounds
play
friend
here
2.Listenandread.
••onlyafteralwayspicture
••aboutexcusehellobecause
Unit6Doyoulikebananas?
1.Listenandread.
a/e/
/a:
/or//
ai/e/
ay/e/
al/
aw/
same
fat
last
day
call
draw
tape
apple
class
rain
May
baU
law
radio
salad
father
paint
play
small
strawberry
/s/
/z/
/z/
/ts/
/dz/
maps
girls
classes
hats
beds
cups
photos
watches
parents
cards
desks
families
oranges
students
friends
2.Listenandread
•••hamburgerstrawberrydifficultinterestingtelephone
•••bananatomatorelaxingcomputerSeptember
Unit7Howmucharethesesocks?
1.Listenandread.
e/i:
/
/e/
ea/i:
/
/e/
ee/i:
/
ear/i(r)/or/r/
/e(r)/or/er/
we
help
please
sweater
need
dear
pear
be
sell
easy
breakfast
meet
near
bear
these
twelve
teacher
healthy
thirteen
clear
wear
2.Listenandread.
••thirtytwentyquestiondollarpurple
••thirteenfourteenfifteensixteeneighteen
Unit8Whenisyourbirthday?
1.Listenandread.
i/a/
/
y/a/
/i/
/j/
x/ks/
ice
trip
my
party
yes
six
time
fifth
why
healthy
your
next
price
milk
July
busy
yellow
excuse
c/k/
/s/
ck/k/
ch/t
g/g/
/d
cup
nice
clock
China
game
age
color
pencil
jacket
March
green
orange
computer
price
chicken
lunch
August
vegetable
2.Listenandread.
••••festivaltelephonefamilylibrary
•••SeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember
Unit9Myfavoritesubjectisscience.
1.Listenandread.
o/u/
//or/a:
/,/
//
oo/u:
/
/u/
ou/au/
ow/au/
u/
old
long
love
food
good
found
how
know
home
clock
some
cool
book
sound
brown
show
sofa
dollar
color
school
look
about
now
yellow
2.Listenandread.
1)A:
'Whydoes'Tomlike'math?
B:
Be'causeit's'interesting.
2)A:
'Whydoyou'like'art?
B:
Be'causeits'fun.
3)A:
Doyou'like'English?
B:
'Yes,I'do.
4)A:
Doess
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