国际法7.docx
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国际法7.docx
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国际法7
1.Generalandhistoricalintroduction
developmenthistoryofthelawofsea:
rescommunis
freedomofthehighsea
territorialwaters
jurisdictionalzones
‘commonheritageofmankind’regimeoverinternationalseabed
Codificationofthelawofthesea:
HagueCodificationConferenceof1930;
TheFirstUnitedNationsConferenceontheLawoftheSea1958:
《领海及毗连区公约》(theConventionontheTerritorialSeaandtheContiguousZone)
《大陆架公约》(theConventionontheContinentalShelf)
《捕鱼与养护公海生物资源公约》(theConventiononFishingandtheConservationoftheLivingResourcesoftheHighSeas)
《公海公约》(ConventionontheHighSeas)
TheSecondUnitedNationsConferenceontheLawoftheSea1960;
TheThirdUnitedNationsConferenceontheLawoftheSea1973;
theLawoftheSeaConvention1982(LOSC)
2.Internalwaters,baysandterritorialsea
A.Internalwaters
internalwatersarethoseonthelandwardsideofthebaselinesfromwhichthebreadthoftheterritorialseaismeasured.
theyincludebays,estuaries,ports,rivers,canalsandlakesandwatersenclosedbystraightbaselines.
theyarepartsoftheterritoryofthestate.
InternalwatersconstituteanintegralpartofthecoastalStateandthecoastalStateenjoysfullsovereignrightsoverthem.
B.Bays(海湾)
theareaofanindentationisthatlyingbetweenthelow-watermarkaroundtheshoreoftheindentationandalinejoiningthelow-watermarkofitsnaturalentrancepoints.
straightclosingline
Ifthedistancebetweenthelow-watermarksofthenaturalentrancepointsofabaydoesnotexceed24nauticalmiles,aclosinglinemaybedrawnbetweenthesetwolow-watermarks,andthewatersenclosedtherebyshallbeconsideredasinternalwaters.
Wherethedistancebetweenthelow-watermarksofthenaturalentrancepointsofabayexceeds24nauticalmiles,astraightbaselineof24nauticalmilesshallbedrawnwithinthebayinsuchamannerastoenclosethemaximumareaofwaterthatispossiblewithalineofthatlength.
historicbays
50nauticalmileclosinglineforHudsonBayclaimedbyCanada
Islands
anaturallyformedareaofland,surroundedbywater,whichisabovewaterathightide
theycangenerateaterritorialsea,contiguouszone,excusiveeconomiczone,andcontinentalshelf.
rockswhichcannotsustainhumanhabitationoreconomiclifeoftheirownshallhavenoexclusiveeconomiczoneorcontinentalshelf.
C.Territorialsea
ThesovereigntyofaStateextends,beyonditslandterritoryanditsinternalwaters,toabeltofseaadjacenttoitscoast,describedastheterritorialsea.
a.thewidthoftheterritorialsea:
notexceeding12nauticalmilesfromthebaseline
b.Baselines
normalbaseline:
lower-waterline
Thestartingpointfordrawingthebaselineisthelowwaterlinealongthecoastandthiswillbeusedwhereverthecoastlineisrelativelystraightandunindented.
straightline
theAnglo-Norwegian
Fisheriescase1951
Straightbaselinesaredrawnwherethecoastlineis“deeplyindentedandcutinto,orifthereisafringeofislandsalongthecoastinitsimmediatevicinity”.
Thedrawingofstraightbaselinesmustnotdeparttoanyappreciableextentfromthegeneraldirectionofthecoast,andtheseaareaslyingwithinthelinesmustbesufficientlycloselylinkedtothelanddomaintobesubjecttotheregimeofinternalwaters
particularregionaleconomicinterestsoflongstandingmaybeconsidered.
Combinationofmethodsfordeterminingbaselines
ThecoastalStatemaydeterminebaselinesinturnbyanyofthemethodsprovidedforintheforegoingarticlestosuitdifferentconditions.
1992年的《中华人民共和国领海及毗连区法》规定了中国领海基线采用直线基线法划定,由各相邻基点之间的直线连线组成。
hejuridicalnatureoftheterritorialsea
theterritorialseabelongstothecoastalstate;
thecoastalstateenjoysthesovereigntyovertheterritorialsea.
thesovereigntyofacoastalStateextendstotheairspaceovertheterritorialseaaswellastoitsseabedandsubsoil.
thefundamentalrestrictionuponthesovereigntyofthecoastalstateistherightofothernationstoinnocentpassage.
c.Therightofinnocentpassage
shipsofallstates,whethercoastalorland-locked,enjoytherightofinnocentpassagethroughtheterritorialsea.
passage
Passagemeansnavigationthroughtheterritorialseaforthepurposeof:
(a)traversingthatseawithoutenteringinternalwatersorcallingataroadsteadorportfacilityoutsideinternalwaters;or
(b)proceedingtoorfrominternalwatersoracallatsuchroadsteadorportfacility.
Passageshallbecontinuousandexpeditious.
Passageincludesstoppingandanchoring,
butonlyinsofarasthesameareincidentaltoordinarynavigation
orarerenderednecessarybyforcemajeure
ordistress
orforthepurposeofrenderingassistancetopersons,shipsoraircraftindangerordistress.
Allsubmarinesmustnavigateonthesurfaceandshowtheflag.
innocence
Passageisinnocentsolongasitisnotprejudicialtothepeace,goodorderorsecurityofthecoastalState.
prejudicialpassage:
(a)threatoruseofforce;
(b)weaponspractice;
(c)spying;
(d)propaganda;
(e)launching,landingortakingonboardofanyaircraftormilitarydevice;
(f)theloadingorunloadingofanycommodity,currencyorpersoncontrarytothecustoms,fiscal,immigrationorsanitarylawsandregulationsofthecoastalState;
(g)willfulandseriouspollution;
(h)fishingactivities;
(i)researchorsurveyactivities;
(j)interferingwithanysystemsofcommunicationoranyotherfacilitiesorinstallations;
(k)anyotheractivitynothavingadirectbearingonpassage.
thecoastalstatecouldadoptlawsandregulationsconcerninginnocentpassagewithregardto:
(a)thesafetyofnavigationandtheregulationofmaritimetraffic;
(b)theprotectionofnavigationalaidsandfacilitiesandotherfacilitiesorinstallations;
(c)theprotectionofcablesandpipelines;
(d)theconservationofthelivingresourcesofthesea;
(e)thepreventionofinfringementofthefisherieslawsandregulationsofthecoastalState;
(f)thepreservationoftheenvironmentofthecoastalStateandtheprevention,reductionandcontrolofpollutionthereof;
(g)marinescientificresearchandhydrographicsurveys;
(h)thepreventionofinfringementofthecustoms,fiscal,immigrationorsanitarylawsandregulationsofthecoastalState.
Jurisdictionoverforeignships
Criminaljurisdictiononboardaforeignship——
thecriminaljurisdictionofthecoastalStateshouldnotbeexercised,saveonlyinthefollowingcases:
(a)iftheconsequencesofthecrimeextendtothecoastalState;
(b)ifthecrimeisofakindtodisturbthepeaceofthecountryorthegoodorderoftheterritorialsea;
(c)iftheassistanceofthelocalauthoritieshasbeenrequestedbythemasteroftheshiporbyadiplomaticagentorconsularofficeroftheflagState;or
(d)ifsuchmeasuresarenecessaryforthesuppressionofillicittrafficinnarcoticdrugsorpsychotropicsubstances.
Civiljurisdiction——
ThecoastalStateshouldnotstopordivertaforeignshippassingthroughtheterritorialseaforthepurposeofexercisingciviljurisdictioninrelationtoapersononboardtheship,
norlevyexecutionagainstorarresttheshipforthepurposeofanycivilproceedings,
unlessobligationsareinvolvedwhichwereassumedbytheshipitselfinthecourseorforthepurposeofitsvoyagethroughthewatersofthecoastalState,
orunlesstheshipispassingthroughtheterritorialseaonitswayfrominternalwaters.
theaboverulesdonotprejudicetherightofthecoastalStatetolevyexecutionagainstortoarrest,forthepurposeofanycivilproceedings,aforeignshiplyingintheterritorialsea,orpassingthroughtheterritorialseaafterleavinginternalwaters.
Theserulesareapplicabletomerchantshipsandgovernmentshipsoperatedforcommercialpurposes.
notapplicabletowarshipsandothergovernmentshipsoperatedfornon-commercialpurposes.
d.Thecontiguouszone
Inazonecontiguoustoitsterritorialsea,describedasthecontiguouszone,thecoastalStatemayexercisethecontrolnecessaryto:
(a)preventinfringementofitscustoms,fiscal,immigrationorsanitarylawsandregulationswithinitsterritoryorterritorialsea;
(b)punishinfringementoftheabovelawsandregulationscommittedwithinitsterritoryorterritorialsea.
thewidthofthecontiguouszone:
notextendbeyond24nauticalmilesfromthebaselines
legalstatusofthecontiguouszone:
Itisdifferentfromclaimstofullsovereigntyaspartsoftheterritorialsea;
Itispartofhighseas,orEEZ;
Itneedstobespecificallyclaimed;
thecontrolmaynotextendtotheairspaceoverthecontiguouszone
3.Archipelagicstatesandinternationalstraits
archipelagicStatemeansaStateconstitutedwhollybyoneormorearchipelagosandmayincludeotherislands;
archipelagomeansagroupofislands,includingpartsofislands,interconnectingwatersandothernaturalfeatureswhicharesocloselyinterrelatedthatsuchislands,watersandothernaturalfeaturesformanintrinsicgeographical,economicandpoliticalentity,orwhichhistoricallyhavebeenregardedassuch.
archipelagicbaselinestraightarchipelagicbaselinesjoiningtheoutermostpointsoftheoutermostislandsanddryingreefsofarchipelago
A.archipelagicwaters
Allthewaterswithinarchipelagicbaselinesarearchipelagicwatersoverwhichthestatehassovereignty.
Thesovereigntyextendstoitsairspace,seabed,subsoilandresourcescontainedtherein.
restrictions:
existingagreements;
traditionalfishingrights;
existingsubmarinecables;
passagerightsofotherstates;
B.Rightofarchipelagicsealanespassage
Allshipsandaircraftenjoytherightofarchipelagicsealanespassageinsu
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