语言学教程复习题与答案.docx
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语言学教程复习题与答案.docx
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语言学教程复习题与答案
语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第一章)
ChapterIIntroduction
I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:
1.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.
2.Linguisticsstudiesparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral.
3.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.
4.Inthestudyoflinguistics,hypothesesformedshouldbebasedonlanguagefactsandcheckedagainsttheobservedfacts.
5.Generallinguisticsisgenerallythestudyoflanguageasawhole.
6.Generallinguistics,whichrelatesitselftotheresearchofotherareas,studiesthebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.7.
7.Phoneticsisdifferentfromphonologyinthatthelatterstudiesthecombinationsofthesoundstoconveymeaningincommunication.
8.Morphologystudieshowwordscanbeformedtoproducemeaningfulsentences.
9.Thestudyofthewaysinwhichmorphemescanbecombinedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.
10.Syntaxisdifferentfrommorphologyinthattheformernotonlystudiesthemorphemes,butalsothecombinationofmorphemesintowordsandwordsintosentences.
11.Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageisknownassemantics.
12.Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudymeanings.
13.Pragmaticsisdifferentfromsemanticsinthatpragmaticsstudiesmeaningnotinisolation,butincontext.
14.Socialchangescanoftenbringaboutlanguagechanges.
15.Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.
16.Modernlinguisticsismostlyprescriptive,butsometimesdescriptive.
17.Modernlinguisticsisdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar.
18.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisthedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointintime.
19.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageasprimary,notthewrittenlanguage.
20.ThedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformancewasproposedbyF.deSaussure.
II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:
21.Chomskydefines“competence”astheidealuser'skoftherules
ofhislanguage.
22.Languereferstothealinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembers
ofaspeechcommunitywhiletheparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandapplicationoftherules.
23.Disoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguagewhichreferstothe
pheno广告网址nthatlanguageconsistsoftwolevels:
alowerlevelofmeaninglessindividualsoundsandahigherlevelofmeaningfulunits.
24.Languageisasystemofavocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
25.Thedisciplinethatstudiestherulesgoverningtheformationofwordsintopermissiblesentencesinlanguagesiscalleds.
26.Humancapacityforlanguagehasagbasis,butthedetailsoflanguagehavetobetaughtandlearned.
27.Preferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.
28.Findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesettlementofsome
practicalproblems.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasalinguistics.
29.Languageispinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Inotherwords,theycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentenceswhichtheyhaveneverheardbefore.
30.
Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthesstudyoflanguage.
completethestatement.
31.
use,
C.
C.
Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyitissaidtobe.
A.prescriptiveB.analyticdescriptiveD.linguistic32.Whichofthefollowingisnota
designfeatureofhumanlanguage?
A.ArbitrarinessB.DisplacementDualityD.Meaningfulness
33.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageas.
A.primaryB.correctC.secondaryD.stable
34.Inmodernlinguistics,speechisregardedasmorebasicthanwriting,because.A.inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting
B.speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.C.speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue
D.Alloftheabove
35.
whileChomskylooksatlanguage
Ahistoricalstudyoflanguageisastudyoflanguage.
A.synchronic
B.
diachronicC.
prescriptive
D
comparative
36.Saussuretooka(n)
fromapointofview.
viewoflanguage,
A.sociological⋯psychologicalB.psychological⋯sociological
C.applied⋯pragmaticD.semanticandlinguistic
37.AccordingtoF.deSaussure,referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.
A.paroleB.performanceC.langueD.Language
38.Languageissaidtobearbitrarybecausethereisnologicalconnectionbetween
andmeanings.
A.senseB.soundsC.objectsD.ideas
39.
Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled,forhumancommunication.Explainitindetail.
62.Whatarethedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?
Illustratethemwithexamples.
63.Howismodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?
64.Howdoyouunderstandthedistinctionbetweenasynchronicstudyandadiachronicstudy?
65.Whydoesmodernlinguisticsregardthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,not
thewritten?
66.Whatarethemajordistinctionsbetweenlangueandparole?
67.Howdoyouunderstandcompetenceandperformance?
68.Saussure'sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleseemssimilartoChomsky'
sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Whatdoyouthinkaretheirmajordifferences?
69.Doyouthinkhumanlanguageisentirelyarbitrary?
Why?
I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:
l.T2.F3.F4.T5.T6.F7.T8.F9.T10.F11.
T12.T13.T14.T15.T16.F17.T18.F19.F20.F
II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:
21.knowledge22.abstract23.Duality24.arbitrary25.syntax26.genetic27.Parole28.applied29.productive30.scientific(orsystematic)
III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcan
bestcompletethestatement.3l.C32.D33.C34.D35.B36.A37.
C38.B39.A40.D
IV.Definethefollowingterms:
41.Linguistics:
Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.42.Phonology:
Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.
43.Syntax:
Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax.44.Pragmatics:
Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalled
pragmatics.45.Psycholinguistics:
Thestudyoflanguagewithreferenceto
theworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.46.Language:
Languageis
asystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
47.Phonetics:
Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticcommunicationis
calledphonetics.48.Morphology:
Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.49.Semantics:
Thestudyof
meaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.50.Sociolinguistics:
Thestudy
oflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.
51.Appliedlinguistics:
Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Inabroadsense,itreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticfindingstothesolutionofpracticalproblemssuchastherecoveryofspeechability.52.Arbitrariness:
Itisoneof
thedesignfeaturesoflanguage.Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds53.Productivity:
Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossiblethecon-structionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.54.Displacement:
Displacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker55.Duality:
Thedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem,which
user's
consistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.56.Designfeatures:
Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication57.Competence:
Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,58.Performance:
performanceistheactualrealizationoftheknowl-edgeoftherulesinlinguisticcommunication.
59.langue:
Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity;Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollow;Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently60.Parole:
Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse;paroleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules;parolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.
V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexample
sforillustrationifnecessary:
61.Languageisgenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Explainitindetail.Firstofall,languageisasystem,becauseelementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules.Secondly,languageisarbitrarybecausethereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenformandmeaning,orbetweenthesignandwhatitstandsfor.Differentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectintheworld.Thisfactisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.Thisalsoexplainsthesymbolicnatureoflanguage:
wordsarejustsymbols;theyareassociatedwithobjects,actions,ideas,etc.byconvention.Thirdly,languageisv
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