美国文学名词解释.docx
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美国文学名词解释.docx
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美国文学名词解释
ThismodelpaperwasrevisedbytheStandardizationOfficeonDecember10,2020
美国文学名词解释
AmericanDream:
Americandreammeansthebeliefthateveryonecansucceedaslongashe/sheworkshardenough.Itusuallyimpliesasuccessfulandsatisfyinglife.ItusuallyframedintermsofAmericancapitalism(资本主义),itsassociatedpurportedmeritocracy,(知识界精华)andthefreedomsguaranteedbythe..
AmericanPuritanism清教主义:
Puritanismisthepracticesandbeliefsofthepuritans.ThePuritanswereoriginallymembersofadivisionoftheprotestantchurchwhowantedtopurifytheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices.Theyacceptedthedoctrinesofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgracefromGod.Americanliteratureinthe17thcenturymostlyconsistedofPuritanliterature.PuritanismhadanenduringinfluenceonAmericanliterature.Ithadbecome,tosomeextent,somuchastateofmind,somuchapartofnationalculturalatmosphere,ratherthanasetoftenets.
Transcendentalism超验主义:
Transcendentalismwasagroupofnewideasinliterature,religion,cultureandphilosophythatemergedinNewEnglandintheearlytomiddle19thcentury.TranscendentalistsspokeforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.Itplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheworld.ItstressedtheimportanceofindividualandofferedafreshperceptionnatureadsymbolicofthespiritofGod.ProminenttranscendentalistsincludedRalphWaldoEmersonandHenryDavidThorough.
AmericanNaturalism自然主义:
Americannaturalismwasanewandharsherrealism.Thenaturalistsattempttoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredeterminedbyenvironmentandheredity.Itemphasizedthattheworldwasamoral,themenandwomenhadnofreewill,thatliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandenvironment,thatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeandoblivionindeath.ThepessimismanddeterministicideasnaturalismpervadedtheworksofsuchAmericanwritersasStephenCraneandTheodoreDreiser.
AmericanNaturalism(美国自然主义文学):
TheAmericannaturalistsacceptedthemorenegativeinterpretationofDarwin’sevolutionarytheoryandusedittoaccountforthebehaviorofthosecharactersinliteraryworkswhowereregardedasmoreorlesscomplexcombinationsofinheritedattributes,theirhabitsconditionedbysocialandeconomicnaturalismisevolvedfromrealismwhentheauthor’stoneinwritingbecomeslessseriousandlesssympatheticbutmoreironicandmorepessimistic.Itisnomorethanagloomyphilosophicalapproachtoreality,ortohuman>Dreiserisaleadingfigureofhisschool.
TheGildedAge镀金时代:
theGildedAgereferstotheeraofrapideconomicandpopulationgrowthintheUnitedStatesduringthepost-andpost-ofthelate.Theterm"GildedAge"wascoinedbyandintheir1873book,GildedAgeismostfamousforthecreationofamodernindustrialeconomy.TheendoftheGildedAgecoincidedwiththe,adeepdepression.Thedepressionlasteduntil1897andmarkedamajorpoliticalrealignmentinthe.Afterthatcamethe.
TheLostGeneration:
TheLostGenerationisagroupofexpatriateAmericanwritersresidingprimarilyinParisduringthe1920sand1930s.ThegroupwasgivenitsnamebytheAmericanwriterGertrudeStein,whoused“alostgeneration”torefertoexpatriateAmericansbitterabouttheirWorldWarIexperiencesanddisillusionedwithAmericansociety.HemingwaylaterusedthephraseasanepigraphforhisnovelTheSunAlsoRises.ItconsistedofmanyinfluentialAmericanwriters,includingErnestHemingway,F.ScottFitzgerald,WilliamCarlosWilliamsandArchibaldMacLeish.
TheLostGeneration(迷惘的一代):
ThelostgenerationisatermfirstusedbySteintodescribethepost-warIgenerationofAmericanwriters:
menandwomenhauntedbyasenseofbetrayalandemptinessbroughtaboutbythedestructivenessofthe>fullofyouthfulidealism,theseindividualssoughtthemeaningoflife,drankexcessively,hadloveaffairsandcreatedsomeofthefinestAmericanliteratureto>thethreebest-knownrepresentativesoflostgenerationareFitzgerald,HemingwayandJohndosPassos.
Tragedy:
ingeneral,aliteraryworkinwhichtheprotagonistmeetsanunhappyordisastrousend.Unlikecomedy,tragedydepictstheactionsofacentralcharacterwhoisusuallydignifiedorheroic.Throughaseriesofevents,thistragicheroisbroughttoafinaldownfall.Thecausesofthetragichero’sdownfallvary.Intraditionaldramas,thecausecanbefate,aflawincharacteroranerrorinjudgment.Inmoderndramas,wherethetragicheroisoftenanordinaryindividual,thecausesrangefrommoralorpsychologicalweaknesstotheevilsofsociety.
Catch-22第22条军规:
Catch-22isageneralcritiqueofoperationand
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