语言学复习提纲.docx

语言学复习提纲.docx

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语言学复习提纲

Understandinglinguisticterms

1.Blending;Acronym，back-formation

2.sociolinguisticsspeechcommunity,speechvariety,regionaldialect,sociolect,idiolect,ethnicdialect,register,standarddialect,pidginandcreole,bilingualismanddiglossia

3.Sapir-Whorfhypothesis,interculturalcommunication

4.languageacquisition,CPH（CriticalPeriodHypothesis）;N.Chomsky’sLAD;Telegraphicspeech

5.learningstrategies;interlanguage;comprehensibleinput;languageaptitude;motivation;languagetransfer;cross-association;contrastiveanalysis;SLA（secondlanguageacquisition）

6.Neurolinguistics;cerebralCortex;Broca’sAphasia;Spoonerism,primingexperiment;syntacticparsergardenpathsentence;psycholinguistics

QuestionAnswering

1.Whatarethemajorcausesoflanguagechange?

2.Giveexamplestoshowvocabularychange.

3.GiveatleastthreeexamplestoshowtheinfluenceofAmericanEnglishonBritishEnglish.

4.Whatarethethreemajortheoriesofchildlanguageacquisition?

5.Givebriefaccountoftheimportantrolethatlinguisticenvironmentplaysinchildlanguagedevelopment.

6.Whatistheroleofnativelanguageinsecondorforeignlanguagelearning?

7.Whataretheindividualdifferencesinsecondorforeignlanguageacquisition?

8.DescribeLevelt’sspeechproductionmodelinyourownwords.

9.Whatarethemajorpsycholinguisticsmethods?

10.DescribethemajorsymptomsofBroca’saphasia.

11.whatisthesignificanceofculturalteachingandlearning?

PartI.BlankFilling（20x1.530marks）

Directions:

Completetheflowingstatementsconcerningsomebasiclinguisticconcepts.

1.AccordingtoChomsky,whenwedetermineaword’scategory,threecriteriaareusuallyemployed,namely____________,inflectionand____________.

2.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisa

____________study;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthrough

timeisa____________study.Inmodernlinguistics,theformerapproachseemstoenjoypriorityoverthelatter..

3.AccordingtoPaulGrice’sCooperativePrinciple,therearefourmaximsin

naturalconversation,includingthemaximof____________,themaximofquality,themaximof___________andthemaximofmanner.

4.Thesyntacticcategoryofthespecifierdiffersdependingonthecategory

ofthehead.DeterminersserveasthespecifiersofNswhile__________

typicallyfunctionasthespecifiersofVsanddegreewordsasthespecifiersofAsandsometimes__________.

5.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocal____________usedforhuman____________.

6.N.Chomsky,theAmericanlinguist,proposedthedistinctionbetween

____________and____________,theformerisdefinedastheidealuser’s

knowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andthelatterdefinedastheactualrealizationofhisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication

7.AccordingtotheAmericanlinguistCharlesHockett,humanlanguagediffers

fromanyanimalsystemofcommunicationinthatithasitsdesignfeatures,

suchasarbitrariness,productivity,____________,displacementandcultural____________.

8.Sentencecanbedefinedasasequenceofwordsarrangedinacertain____________inaccordancewithacertain_____________rules.

9.Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthe____________mediumoflanguage;it

isconcernedwithallthe_____________thatoccurintheworld’slanguages.

10.Inthestudyofsemantics,senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningof

thelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthe____________ofthelinguisticform;itis____________andde-contextualized.

PartII.TrueorFalse（10x1=10marks）

Directions:

Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue（T）orfalse（F）.

1.Accordingtotransformationalsyntax,thephrase“talkabout”hastwo

elements,ofwhichtheV“talk”belongstomajorlexicalcategoryandtheP“about”belongstominorlexicalcategory.（）

2.Accordingtolexicalsenserelations,thewords‘give’and‘take’arecomplementaryantonyms.（）

3.Semantically,thesentence“Myunmarriedsisterismarriedtoabachelor.”isacontradiction.（）

4.Concerningthesenserelation,theword“table”isthehyponymoftheword“furniture”.（）

5.AccordingtoJohnSearle,threatening,like“Yourmoneyoryourlife!

”belongstodirective.（）

6.Accordingtothemorphology,theword“disagreement”containsthree

morphemes:

dis+agree+ment,amongwhichthemorpheme“agree”belongstofreemorphemeand“dis,ment”areboundmorphemes.（）

7.AphonologicalfeatureoftheEnglishcompoundsisthatthestressofthe

wordalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,andthesecondelementreceivessecondarystress,suchasgreenhouse,hotdog.（）

8.Accordingtothesenserelationsbetweensentences,thesentence“Hehas

beentoHungary”isanentailmentofthesentence“HehasbeentoEurope.”（）

9.Modernlinguisticsismostlyprescriptiveratherthandescriptive.（）

10.Intermsofplaceofarticulation,theEnglishconsonants[p]and[b]belongtobilabialwhile[f]and[v]arelabiodental.（）

PartIII.UnderstandingofLinguisticTerms（4x5=20marks）

Directions:

Pleasegiveabriefexplanationofthefollowinglinguisticterms.

1.Pragmatics

2.Phoneme

3.Polysemy

4.Syntacticcategory

PartVI.QuestionAnswering

Directions:

Pleaseanswerthefollowingquestionsbriefly.

1.TheXPruleisusuallydescribedas:

XP（specifier）X（complement*）

PleaseexplaintheaboveruleinsimpleEnglish.（10points）

2.Whatarethemajorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning?

（15points）

3.Smithsaidtohisclassmate:

“John,youhavebeenkeepingmynotesforawholeweeknow.”

AccordingtoAustin’sspeechacttheory,explainthethreeacts（locutionary,illocutionary,andperlocutionary）thatSmithispossiblyperformingwhilemakingtheaboveutterance?

（15points）

KeytotheTestA

PartIBlankingfilling:

1.symbolscommunication

2.competenceperformance

3.dualitytransmission

4.speechsounds

5.meaningdistribution

6.synchronicdiachronic

7.quantityrelation

8.ordergramatical

9.qualifiersPs

10.featuresabstract

PartIITrueorFalse

1.F2.F3.T.4.T5.T.6.T.7.T8.F9.F10T

PartIIIUnderstandingoflinguisticterms

1.Pragmatics:

ageneraldefinitionisthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageuse

sentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.Astheprocessofcommunicationisessentiallyaprocessofconveyingandunderstandingmeaninginacertaincontext,pragmaticscanalsoberegardedasakindofmeaningstudy.Includingdeixis,speechacts,indirectlanguage,conversation,politeness,cross-culturalcommunication,andpresupposition.

2.Phoneme:

Aphonemeisaphonologicalunit.Itisaabstractunit.Itisnotanyparticularsound,butratheritisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphoneinacertainphoneticcontext.

3.Polysemy:

Whiledifferentwordsmayhavethesameorsimilarmeaning,thesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.Thisiswhatwecallpolysemy,andsuchwordiscalledapolysemicword.

4.Syntacticcategory:

Categoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.Afundamentalfactaboutwordsinallhumanlanguagesisthattheycanbegroupedtogetherintoarelativelysmallnumberofclasses,calledsyntacticcategory..

PartVIQuestionanswering:

1.TheXPruleisusuallydescribedas:

XP（specifier）X（complement*）

PleaseexplaintheaboveruleinsimpleEnglish.（10points）

Xstandsforahead,i.e.anymajorword-levelcategory,suchasN,V,AandP.Thearrowmeans“consistsof”or“branchesinto”.

Theparentheses（）meantheelementinthemcanbeomittedandtheasterisk*indicatesthatoneormorecategorycanoccur.Therulecanbedescribedasfollows:

Anyphraseconsistsofaheadandmaybeaspecifierontheleftsideofthehead,andmaybeoneormorecomplementontherightsideofthehead.

2.Whatarethemajorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning?

（15points）Namingtheory;Representative:

Plato;Majoropinion:

Wordsarejustnamesandlabelsfor

things.

Theconceptualistview;Representative:

OgdenandRichards;theconceptisthemeaningoftheword.

Contexualism;Representative:

J.R.Firth;themeaningofawordisdeterminedbyitsuseinthecontext,includingsituationalcontextandlinguisticcontext.

Behaviorism;Representative:

Bloomfield;themeaningconsistsintherelationbetweenspeechandthepracticalevents.

3.Smithsaidtohisclassmate:

“John,youhavebeenkeepingmynotesforawholeweeknow.”

AccordingtoAustin’sspeechacttheory,explainthethreeacts（locutionary,illocutionary,andperlocutionary）thatSmithispossiblyperformingwhilemakingtheaboveutterance?

（15points）

（omitted）

PartI.BlankFilling（20x1.530marks）

Directions:

Completetheflowingstatementsconcerningsomebasiclinguisticconcepts.

11.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyof____________.

Itisscientificbecauseitisbasedonthesystematic_________________of

linguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.

12.TheSwisslinguist,F.deSaussure,madethedistinctionbetweenlangueand

parole,theformerreferstothe__________linguisticsystemshearedby

allthemembersofaspeechcommunity,whilethelatterreferstotherealizationoflangueinactual__________.

13.AccordingtotheAmericanlinguistCharlesHockett,humanlanguagediffers

fromanyanimalsystemofcommunicationinthatithasitsdesignfeatures,

ofwhichdisplacementisone,whichmeanslanguagecanbeusedtoreferto__________removedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthe__________.

14.Aninitialclassificationinphoneticswilldividethe