纺织英语第三版黄故课文翻译电子版课文.docx
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纺织英语第三版黄故课文翻译电子版课文.docx
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纺织英语第三版黄故课文翻译电子版课文
LessonOne
CottonGrowing
Cottonistheworld'smostwidelyusedfiber.Itspopularitystemsfrombothitsrelativeeaseofproductionanditsapplicabilitytoawidevarietyoftextileproducts.Thepriceofcottonyarn,however,isstronglydependentuponthecostoflabor,sothatintheindustrializednations,wherelaborisexpensive,cottonyarnsmayberelativelyhighpriced.
Untilrelativelyrecenttimes,however,cottonwasnotaswidelyusedaswoolandlinen.Thiswasbecauseitwaseasiertospinwoolorflaxintoyambecauseoftheirgreaterlength.Inaddition,cottonfibershavetobeseparatedfromtheseedstowhichtheycling.Thisprocedurewasverytediousandtime-consumingwhendonebyhand.Earlymachinerycouldbeusedononlythelongeststaplecotton.Solaborcoststendedtobeveryhigh.
Theinventionofthesaw-typecottonginmadepossibletheexploitationoftheshortstaplefiber,whichthrivedintheCarolinasandVirginiaoftheUnitedStates.Thedramaticincreaseinproductivity,coupledwiththelowcostoflaborinthesouthernUnitedStates,gavecottonacontinuallyexpandingportionoftheworldtextilemarket.Increasingmechanizationoffiberandyarnproductionhelpedkeepthecostofcottongoodslow.The,developmentofthetextilemachineryenlargedtheproductionbase.
Cottoncultivationrequireswarmclimateswithahighlevelofmoistureorirrigation.Thegrowingseasonisfromsixtosevenmonthslong.Duringthisperiodtheseedssproutandgrow,producingawhiteblossominabout100days.Theblossomproducesaseedpod,whichmaturesduringthenexttwomonths.Whenthepodbursts,thecottonfibersarereadyforpicking.
Beforeyammanufacture,cottonisgraded,sorted,andblendedtoinsureuniformyamquality.Cottonisgradedonthebasisofcolor,staplelength,fineness,andfreedomfromforeignmatter.IntheUnitedStates,cottonsaredividedintogradesaccordingtolengthofstaple,uniformity,strength,color,cleannessandflexibility.ThesearecomparedwithastandardsuppliedbytheUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture.Thestandardprovides6gradesaboveand6gradesbelowtheMiddlinggrade.Themostcommongradesare:
(1)Strictgoodmiddling.
(2)Goodmiddling.
(3)Strictmiddling.
(4)Middling.
(5)Strictlowmiddling
(6)Lowmiddling.
(7)Strictgoodordinary.
Thecottonfibermaybefrom0.3to5.5cmlong.Underthemicroscopeitappearsasaribbonlikestructurethatistwistedatirregularintervalsalongitslength.Thetwists,calledconvolutions,increasethefiber-to-fiberfrictionnecessarytosecureastrongspunyarn.Thefiberrangesincolorfromayellowishtopurewhite,andmaybeverylustrous.However,mostcottondull.
Across-sectionalviewrevealsthatthefiberiskidney-shapedwithcentralhollowcoreknownasthelumen.Thelumenprovidesachannelfornutrientswhiletheplantisgrowing.Thefiberconsistsofanoutershell,orcuticle,whichsurroundstheprimarywall.Theprimarywall,inturn,coversthesecondarywallsurroundingthelumen.Thecuticleisathin,hardshellwhichprotectsthefiberfrombruisinganddamageduringgrowth.Inuseasatextilefiber,thecuticleprovidesabrasionresistancetocotton.
LessonTwo
CottonPropertiesandUses
Arelativelyhighlevelofmoistureabsorptionandgoodwickingpropertieshelpmakecottononeofthemorecomfortablefibers.Becauseofthehydroxylgroupsinthecellulose,cottonhasahighattractionforwater.Aswaterentersthefiber,cottonswellsanditscrosssectionbecomesmorerounded.Thehighaffinityformoistureandtheabilitytoswellwhenwetallowcottontoabsorbaboutone-fourthofitsweightinwater.Thismeansthatinhotweatherperspirationfromthebodywillbeabsorbedincottonfabrics,transportedalongtheyarnstotheoutersurfaceoftheclothandevaporatedintotheair.Thus,thebodywillbeaidedinmaintainingitstemperature.
Unfortunately,thehydrophilicnatureofcottonmakesitsusceptibletowater-bornestains.Water-solublecolorantssuchasthoseincoffeeorgrapejuicewillpenetratethefiberalongwiththewater;whenthewaterevaporates,thecolorantistrappedinthefiber.Perhapsthemajordisadvantagetocottongoodsistheirtendencytowrinkleandthedifficultyofremovingwrinkles.Therigidityofcottonfiberreducestheabilityofyarnstoresistwrinkling.Whenthefibersarebenttoanewconfiguration,thehydrogenbondswhichholdthecellulosechainstogetherarerupturedandthemoleculesslideinordertominimizethestresswithinthefiber.Thehydrogenbondsreforminthenewpositions,sothatwhenthecrushingforceisremovedthefibersstayinthenewpositions.Itistheruptureandreformationofthehydrogenbondsthathelpstomaintainwrinkles,sothatcottongoodsmustbeironed.
Cottonisamoderatelystrongfiberwithgoodabrasionresistanceandgooddimensionalstability.Itisresistanttotheacids,alkalies,andorganicsolventsnormallyavailabletoconsumers.Butsinceitisanaturalmaterial,itissubjecttoattackbyinsects,moldsandfungus.Mostprominentisthetendencyforcottontomildewifallowedtoremaindamp.
Cottonresistssunlightandheatwell,althoughdirectexposuretoconstantstrongsunlightwillcauseyellowingandeventualdegradationofthefiber.Yellowingmayalsooccurwhencottongoodsaredriedingasdryers.Thecolorchangeistheresultofachemicalreactionbetweencelluloseandoxygenornitrogenoxidesinthehotairinthedryer.Cottonswillretaintheirwhitenesslongerwhenline-driedordriedintheelectricdryer.
Ofmajorinterestisthefactthatcottonyarnisstrongerwhenwetthanwhendry.Thispropertyisaconsequenceofthemacro-andmicro-structuralfeaturesofthefiber.Aswaterisabsorbed,thefiberswellsanditscrosssectionbecomesmorerounded.Usuallytheabsorptionofsuchalargeamountofforeignmaterialwouldcauseahighdegreeofinternalstressandleadtoweakeningofthefiber.Incotton,however,theabsorptionofwatercausesadecreaseintheinternalstresses.Thus,withlessinternalstressestoovercome,theswollenfiberbecomesstronger.Atthesametime,theswollenfiberswithintheyarnspressuponeachothermorestrongly.Theinternalfrictionstrengthenstheyarns.Inaddition,theabsorbedwateractsasaninternallubricantwhichimpartsahigherlevelofflexibilitytothefibers.Thisaccountsforthefactthatcottongarmentsaremoreeasilyironedwhendamp.Cottonfabricsaresusceptibletoshrinkageuponlaundering.
Perhapsmorethananyotherfiber,cottonsatisfiestherequirementsofapparel,homefurnishings,recreational,andindustrialuses.Itprovidesfabricsthatarestrong,lightweight,pliable,easilydried,andreadilylaundered.Inapparel,cottonprovidesgarmentsthatarecomfortable,readilydriedinbright,long-lastingcolors,andeasytocarefor.Themajordrawbacksareapropensityforcottonyamstoshrinkandforcottonclothtowrinkle.Shrinkagemaybecontrolledbytheapplicationofshrink-resistantfinishes.Durable-presspropertiesmaybeimpartedbychemicaltreatmentorbyblendingcottonwithmorewrinkle-resistantfibers,suchaspolyester.
Inhomefurnishings,cottonservesindurable,general-servicefabrics.Althoughtheymaylacktheformalappearanceofmaterialsmadefromotherfibers,cottongoodsprovideacomfortable,homeyenvironment.Cottonfabricshavebeenthemainstayofbedlinensandtowelsfordecades,becausetheyarecomfortable,durable,andmoisture-absorbent.Polyester/cottonblendsprovidethemodernconsumerwithno-ironsheetsandpillowcasesthatretainacrisp,freshfeel.
Forrecreationaluse,cottonhastraditionallybeenusedfortentingandcampinggear,boatsails,tennisshoesandsportswear.Cottonisparticularlywell-suitedfortent.Atentfabricmustbeableto"breath",sothattheoccupantsarenotsmotheredintheirowncarbondioxide.Furthermore,exchangeofairwiththeoutsideatmospherereducesthehumiditywithinthetentandkeepsitfrombecomingstuffy.Fabricswovenfromcottoncanbeopenenoughtoprovidegoodairpermeabilityforcomfort.Tentsshouldalsoshedwater,whenwetbyrain,cottonyarnsswell,reducingtheintersticesbetweentheyarnsandresistingthepenetrationofwater.Today,however,heavycanvasgearisbeingsupplantedbylight-weightnylonintentingequipment.
Cottoncord,twineandropesareusedinindustrytobind,hold,andlashallkindsofthings,frombalestoboats.Cottonyarnsareusedtoreinforcebeltsondrivemotorsandinworkclothing.
LessonFour
Wool
Theearlyhistoryofwoolislostinantiquity.Sheepskin,includingthehair,wasprobablyusedlongbeforeitwasdiscoveredthatthefiberscouldbespunintoyarnsorevenfeltedintofabric.Thereisnoevidencetosupportthetheorythatwoolwasthefirstfibertobeprocessedintofabric,butitseemscertainthat,asapartoftheskin,woolwasusedforcoveringandprotectionbyprehistoricpeopleslongbeforeyarnsandfabricsweremade.
TheearliestfragmentsofwoolfabrichavebeenfoundinEgypt,probablybecauseofthepreservingqualitiesoftheclimate.Thesehavebeendatedfrom4000to3500BC.TheearliestexampleofwoolfabricfoundinEuropehasbeendatedabout1500BC;itwasunearthedinarcheologicaldigsinGermany.Danishsiteshaveyieldedexcellentfragmentsofearlywoolfabricsdatedabout1300to1000BC.Thesefabricsareroughandcoarseandcontainconsiderablewildsheephair.
Woolisanaturalfiberofanimalorigin.Thoughvegetablefiberswereprobablythefirsttobeusedforspinningandweavingintocloth,animalfibersintheformofskinsweretheearliesttypeof
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