大学英语形容词和副词doc资料.docx
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大学英语形容词和副词doc资料.docx
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大学英语形容词和副词doc资料
大学英语形容词和副词
形容词和副词
I.Classification
常见形容词后缀:
1.-able以“-able”结尾的形容词一般有两种情况:
(1)v.+able→adj.reliable(可以依靠的),drinkable(可以饮用的),eatable(可食用的)。
(2)n.+able→adj.如valuable(有价值的),reasonable(有道理的),comfortable(舒适的)。
2.-ible
terrible,horrible,invisible,possible。
3.-al
actual,general,international,medical,mental,moral,natural,official,several,special,usual。
(这类形容词大部分没有比较级和最高级)
4.-ant
带“-ant”后缀的形容词其相应名词往往是-ance或-ancy后缀。
instant(instance),distant(distance),important(importance),brilliant(brilliancy),constant(constancy),pleasant。
5.-ent
absent(absence),different(difference),excellent(excellence),patient(patience),present(presence).
6.-ar
popular,particular,regular。
7.-ary
contrary,necessary,ordinary,primary,revolutionary。
8.-ed
connected,discouraged,disappointed,engaged,excited,interested,limited,married,pleased,tired,united,used(习惯的),worried,wounded。
9.-en
(1)“-en”跟在一些物质名词之后构成形容词,表示“材料”或“质地”,如wooden,golden,earthen。
(2)“-en”也可加在一些不规则动词之后形成形容词。
这些形容词实际上是由过去分词转换而来的。
例如:
spoken,written,stricken,mistaken。
10-ern,加在表示方位的名词之后,表示“……(方位)的”。
eastern,southern,western,northern等。
11.-ese,加在国名、地名之后构成相应形容词。
例如:
Chinese,Japanese.
12.-ful这一后缀有两种情况:
(1)加在名词之后,表示“充满……的”、“有……性质的”,如beautiful,colourful,helpful,powerful,successful,useful,wonderful。
(2)加在动词之后,所构成的形容词意为“易于……的”,如forgetful,regretful
13.-ic常常加在名词或依附于词干后,意为“……的”、“……似的”、“与……有关的”等。
Atlantic,electric,arctic,historic,pacific,plastic,public,scientific。
14.-ical,同“ic”一样附加在名词或词干后构成形容词,意为“……的”、“……似的”、“与……有关的”,如physical,political,practical,technical等。
注:
(1)有些形容词的词尾可能是“-ic”和“-ical”并存,且可以互相替代,但有时也有区别。
一般来说,词尾“ic”与词根的关系比较密切,而词尾“ical”与词根的关系比较含糊,一般作“与……有关的”解。
anelectriclight(电灯),electricalengineering(电气工程);
historic意为“历史上有名气的”,historical则意为“关于历史的”。
(2)以“ic”结尾的形容词,其相应副词则往往是pacifically,scientifically。
15.-ing例如:
dying,exciting,inspiring,interesting,freezing,living。
16.-ist“-ist”表示“……主义的”、“信仰……的”。
该后缀加在名词之后,
communist,imperialist,Marxist,socialist。
17.-ive意为“……的”、“与……有关的”、“具有……性质的”等。
native,active,passive,attentive,expensive。
18.-less“-less”加在名词、动词后,表示“无”、“缺”,
fearless,harmless,useless,helpless,careless。
19.-ly加在名词之后构成形容词。
这一词缀的意义有二:
(1)“像……的”、“有……性质的”
friendly,lively,lovely,lonely,orderly。
(2)“以……为周期的”、“每……的”
hourly,daily,weekly,monthly,yearly。
20.-(i)ous意为“充满……的”、“具有……特征的”,加在名词、动词和形容词之后。
curious,famous,dangerous,obvious,poisonous,serious,various。
21.-some加在名词、动词之后,表示“使人……的”、“易于……的”,
handsome,troublesome,tiresome。
22.-ward,加在名词之后,表示方向,作“向……(方向)的”、“来自……(方向)的”解。
eastward,southward,westward,northward,forward,backward,inward,outward,upward,downward。
注:
这些词也可以是副词。
如果词尾是“-wards”时,必然是副词。
23.-y,加在名词之后,表示“具有……特征的”、“多……的”。
funny,lucky,shabby,snowy,thirsty,windy,sunny,rainy,
cloudy,dirty,dusty。
介词形容词
1)above
theabovesentence或thesentenceabove(上面的)
2)outside
anoutsidedoor(外边的),anoutsidewrapping(外包装)
3)in
Thatstheinplacetogonow.(时髦的)
anindoor(朝里面的),theinparty(执政的)
4)inside
Forinsidecirculationonly.(内部的)
theinsidefront(back)(书等)封面(底)的背面(里面的)
5)down
feeldownaboutsth.(沮丧的)
6)off
offhours(业余时间的),anoffseason(不佳的),feeloff(不舒服的),anoffchance(极小的)
复合形容词
hand-made手工的new-born新生的
deaf-mute聋哑的absent-minded漫不经心的
合成形容词
1)名词+形容词(形容词+名词)
ice-coldsnow-white,world-wide,fire-proof,home-sick
2)名词(代词)+名词+-ed
chicken-heartedapple-shapedsilver-haired
3)名词(代词)+现在分词
time-consuminglabor-savingfreedom-lovingtrouble-making
4)名词(代词)+过去分词
snow-coveredself-taughthand-writtenair-conditioned
5)形容词(数词)+名词
second-handfirst-classdeep-seapart-time
athree-hourflightathree-poundchicken
atwo-hundred-metrebridgeafive-hundred-wordletter
6)形容词(数词)+名词+-ed
good-manneredbad-temperedopen-mindedkind-hearted
7)形容词+现在分词
good(nice)-lookingeasy-going
8)形容词+过去分词(有些也可看作是副词+过去分词)
new-builtnew-born
9)副词+形容词
all-roundever-green
10)副词+现在分词
ever-lastingout-goinghard-workingfar-seeing
11)副词+过去分词
well-knownwell-behavedbadly-woundedmuch-needed
12)动词(或过去分词)+副词
IIfunctions
1.作定语
只能用作前置定语
Ihavetheutmostrespectforheraccomplishments.
以-er结尾的形容词,如:
elder(eldest),inner,other,upper,lower,latter,former,
outer,hinder,utter,lesser(也包括daily,weekly等)。
Herelderbrotherhisformerwifehisweeklypay
-en结尾的形容词,如:
wooden,golden,woolen
awoodentable,agoldenwatch,awoolensweater
只能用作后置定语
a-形容词afraid,asleep,alone,awake,alive,ashamed
Heistheonlymanawakeatthattime.
Heistheonlymanaliveinthevillageaftertheearthquake.
修饰不定代词时
somethingnewnothinginteresting
anybodypresenteverythinggood
形容词短语
Haveyoufoundamansuitableforthework?
-able,-ible结尾的形容词available,imaginable,possible,visible
Thereareplentyofjobsavailableinthearea.
Parentsencourageeveryactivityimaginable.
前置或后置都可以
a300-metrehighbuilding
abuilding300-metrehigh
adifficultjobtodo
ajobdifficulttodo
amorecomplicatedproblemthanthepreviousone
aproblemmorecomplicatedthanthepreviousone
sogoodachanceasnottobemissed
achancesogoodasnottobemissed
2.只作表语的形容词
well,worth,liable,subject,content,bound,ill,sunk,drunk,sure,unable等词
Thefilmisworthseeing.
Heiswell.
Heisawellman.(误)
Sheisill(sick).(正)
Sheisasickperson.(正)
Sheisanillperson.(误)
ill作“有害的,不好的”解时,可用作前置定语,如illluck,illwind,illnews
英语中有些形容词,既可作定语,也可作表语,但表示的意思往往不同。
比较:
Herlatehusbandisascientist.(已故的)
Shewaslateforthemeeting.(晚的)
Shehadaparticularreasonforgivinguptheplan.(特别的)
Shewasveryparticularaboutdressing.(挑剔的)
Theplaneisduetoarriveatfiveoclock.(scheduled)
Hehandledthematterwithduecareandattention.(proper,suitable)
Imgladtogowithyou.(高兴的)
Thisisagladdayforus.(令人高兴的)
Imsorrytohavesaidit.(抱歉的)
Whatasorrysituation!
(可悲的)
Herfuturelooksgolden.(光明的)
thegoldensunshine(灿烂的)
3作补语
Thenewsmadeherverysad.
Thebottlewasfoundempty.
III用法辨析
Considerate,considerable
Economic,economical
Imaginable,imaginative,imaginary
Industrial,industrious
Respective,respectable,respectful,respected
Sensible,sensitive
Sufficient,efficient,proficient
Valuable,valueless,invaluable
Alive,living,live
Continual,continuous,constant
Worth,worthwhile,worthy
Themanisratherchildish.
Thegirlhasachildlikeloveforadoll.
Ourcollegeisnotcomparablewithyours.
Heisanexpertoncomparativeliterature.
Thechildrenarehealthythoughtheyallhaveslightcoldsatthemoment.
Theairatseasideishealthfultous.
alateredition
thelatterpartofthebook
Thisisaverypracticaltool.
Doyouthinktheplanpracticable?
IamregretfulforwhatIhavesaid.
Hisdecisiontomarryherismostregrettable.
副词
I.分类
(1)时间副词:
now,then,soon,ago,recently,lately,later,before,early,today,tomorrow,yesterday,tonight,suddenly,immediately,still,already,just等。
Anideasuddenlystruckme.
(2)地点副词:
here,there,up,down,away,nearby,home,ahead,abroad,indoors,overseas,upstairs,downstairs等。
Iamconsideringgoingabroad.
(3)方式副词(大多以-ly结尾):
quietly,heavily,warmly,carefully,happily,politely,angrily等。
Lookatthepicturecarefully.
(4)频度副词:
always,usually,often,frequently,constantly,occasionally,sometimes,seldom,hardly,rarely,never等。
Sometimeshegetsupearly.
(5)程度副词:
fairly,pretty,rather,quite,very,much,too,greatly,almost,nearly,half,highly,deeply,partly,perfectly,really等。
Thefilmwasquitegood.
(6)顺序副词first,then,next,finally,afterwards,primarily等。
Tomfinallywinthegame.
(7)连接副词:
therefore,besides,otherwise,however,moreover,furthermore,still,thus,meanwhile等,也有引导名词性从句或不定式的when,why,where,how等。
Idon’twanttogooutnow,andbesides,Imustwork.
(8)关系副词:
就是引导定语从句的when,where,why
Thisisthefactorywherehisfatherworks.
(9)疑问副词:
就是用于引出特殊疑问句的when,where,why,how等。
Whenwillhebeback?
(10)句子副词:
frankly,honestly,clearly,obviously,evidently,generally,briefly,fortunately,luckily,unexpectedly,naturally,hopefully等。
Frankly,Iamnotsatisfiedwithyourwork.
副词的构成
大部分副词由相应的形容词加上后缀-ly构成,但注意有变化
1)一般情况
slow→slowlydear→dearly
cool→coollybad→badly
final→finallyexact→exactly
2)-y结尾的词
happy→happilyangry→angrily
3)-le结尾的词,省去-e再加-y
noble→noblysingle→singly
idle→idlyable→ably
但:
sole→solely,pale→palely,whole→wholly
4)-ue结尾的词,去掉-e,再加-ly
true→trulydue→duly
5)-ic结尾的词,加-ally
economic→economicallyhistoric→historically
tragic→tragicallyautomatic→automaticallydemocratic→democratically
fantastic→fantasticallyenergetic→energetically
但:
public→publicly,political→politically
7)-ly结尾的词,去掉-y,加-ily
manly→manlilychilly→chillily
8)-ll结尾的词,只加-y
full→fullydull→dully
Useofadverbs
3.1.tomodifyverbs
ThefootballteamplayedbadlylastSaturday.
3.2.tomodifyadjectives
Itwasanextremelybadmatch.
3.3.tomodifyadverbs
ThefootballteamplayedextremelybadlylastWednesday.
3.4.tomodifyquantities
Therearequitealotofpeoplehere.
3.5.tomodifysentences
Unfortunately,theflighttoDallashadbeencancelled.
易混副词辨析
1)hard和hardly
Itisraininghard.(猛烈地)
Heworksveryhard.(努力地)
Shelistenedhard.(仔细地)
Icanhardlyunderstandyou.(几乎不)
2)late和lately
Verylateatnight,Igotaphonecall.(晚,迟)
Ihavelatelyreceivedanumberoflettersaboutthis.(最近)
3)most和mostly
Theheadisthemostsensitivepartofthebody.(最)
Thesnakehuntsmostlyatnight.(主要地)
Theguestsaremostlyfriendsofthebride.(大多数地)
4)close和closely
Hestoodclosetothewall.(靠近)
Hewasfollowingclosebehind.(近)
WatchwhatIdoclosely.(细心地)
Theprisonswerecloselyguarded
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