语言学问答题精选.docx
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语言学问答题精选.docx
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语言学问答题精选
•Qs:
•1.Howdoyouunderstandthedefinitionoflinguistics:
Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.
•Linguisticsinvestigatesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.
•Linguisticstudyisscientificbecauseitisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationofauthentic(可靠的,真实的)languagedata.Noseriouslinguisticconclusionisreacheduntilafterthelinguisthasdonethefollowingthreethings:
observingthewaylanguageisactuallyused,formulatingsomehypotheses,andtestingthesehypothesesagainstlinguisticfactstoprovetheirvalidity.
•
•2.Inwhatbasicwaysdoesmodernlinguisticsdifferfromtraditionalgrammar?
• 1)Firstly,linguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.
• 2)Secondly,modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.
• 3)Thirdly,modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.
•3.Whyisspeechconsideredastheprimarymediumofhumanlanguage?
•1.First,speechprecedeswriting.Thewritingsystemisalwaysalaterinventionusedtorecordthespeech.Therearestillsomelanguagesthatonlyhavethespokenform.
•2.Then,alargeramountofcommunicationiscarriedoutinspeechthaninwriting.
•3.Third,speechistheforminwhichinfantsacquiretheirnativelanguage.
•
•4.What’sthedifferencebetweenlangueandparole?
•Langue:
theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.
•Parole:
therealizationoflangueinactualuse.
•但索氏语言(Langue)乃一抽象语言系统,他的言语(Parole)指日常语言,两者均为结构语言学研究对象。
海德格尔言谈,则与逻各斯古意相通。
5.What’sthedifferencebetweencompetenceandperformance?
•Competenceistheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageWhilePerformanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication(语言能力和语言行为)itmakesthedistinctionbetweentheabstractlanguagesystemandtheactualuseoflanguage.
•6.What’sthedifferencebetweenthedistinctionoflangueVs.paroleandthatofcompetenceVs.performance?
•
Bothofthemmakethedistinctionbetweentheabstractlanguagesystemandtheactualuseoflanguage.Theirpurposeistosingleoutoneaspectoflanguageforseriousstudy.
Theydifferinthattheformertakesasociologicalviewoflanguageandthenotionoflangueisamatterofsocialconventions;andthelatterlooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofviewandcompetenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.
2.Review3
1.Whatarethemajorbranchesoflinguistics?
phonetics,phonology,morphology,syntax,semantics,pragmatics,sociolinguistics,pcycholinguistics,appledlinguistics,
2.Whatdoeseachbranchoflinguisticsstudy?
Phonetics----it’sdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage,it’sconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.
Phonology---thestudyofsoundssystems—theinventoryofdistinctivesoundsthatoccurinalanguageandthepatternsintowhichtheyfall.
Morphology---It’sabranchofagrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.
Syntax-------it'sasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureofalanguage.
Semantics---It’ssimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginabstraction.
Pragmatics---thestudyofmeaningincontextofwords.
Sociolinguistics—thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety.
Psycholinguistics---thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofthemind.
Appliedlinguistics---theapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning.
Generallinguistics普通语言学---thestudyoflanguageasawhole:
itdealswiththebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguistics.
3.Review4
▪1.Howdoyouunderstand“Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication”?
答:
Firstofall,languageisasystem,becauseelementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules.Secondly,languageisarbitrarybecausethereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenformandmeaning,orbetweenthesignandwhatitstandsfor.Differentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectintheworld.Thisfactisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.Thisalsoexplainsthesymbolicnatureoflanguage:
wordsarejustsymbols;theyareassociatedwithobjects,actions,ideas,etc.byconvention.Thirdly,languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages,nomatterhowwell-developedtheirwritingsystemsare.
Theterm“human”inthedefinitionindicatesthatlanguageispossessedbyhumanbeingsonlyandisverydifferentfromthecommunicationsystemsofotherlivingcreatures.Theterm“communication”meansthatlanguagemakesitpossibleforitsuserstotalktoeachotherandfulfilltheircommunicativeneeds.
2.WhatarethemainfeaturesofhumanlanguagethathavebeenspecifiedbyC.Hocketttoshowitisessentiallydifferentfromanimalcommunicationsystem?
(1)Arbitrariness
(2)Productivity
(3)Duality
(4)Displacement
(5)Culturaltransmission
(1)Arbitrariness
Asmentionedearlier,thearbitrarypropertyoflanguagemeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Forinstance,thereisnonecessaryrelationshipbetweenthewordelephantandtheanimalitsymbolizes.Inaddition,differentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages,andevenwithinthesamelanguage,thesamesounddoesnotrefertothesamething.However,languageisnotentirelyarbitrary.Therearewordswhicharecreatedintheimitationofsoundsbysounds,suchascrash,banginEnglish.Besides,somecompoundwordsarealsonotentirelyarbitrary.Butthenon-arbitrarywordsarequitelimitedinnumber.
Thearbitrarynatureoflanguagemakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.
(2)Productivity
Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Thisiswhytheycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingsentencesthattheyhaveneversaidorheardbefore.Theycansendmessageswhichnooneelsehaseversentbefore.
Productivityisuniquetohumanlanguage.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsappeartobehighlyrestrictedwithrespecttothenumberofdifferentsignalsthattheiruserscansendandreceive.
(3)Duality
Thedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.Atthelowerorthebasiclevel,thereisthestructureofsounds,whicharemeaningless,discrete,individualsounds.Butthesoundsoflanguagecanbecombinedaccordingtorulesintounitsofmeaningsuchasmorphemesandwords,which,atthehigherlevel,canbearrangedintosentences.Thisdualityofstructureordoublearticulationoflanguageenablesitsuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.Noanimalcommunicationsystemhasdualityorevencomesneartopossessingit.
(4)Displacement
Displacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Animalcallsaremainlyutteredinresponsetoimmediatechangesofsituation.
(5)Culturaltransmission
Humanbeingswerebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,butthedetailsofanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmittedorpasseddownbyinstinct.Theyhavetobetaughtandlearned,butanimalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.
▪3.Doyouthinkhumanlanguageisentirelyarbitrary?
Why?
Languageisarbitraryinnature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary,becausetherearealimitednumberofwordswhoseconnectionsbetweenformsandmeaningscanbelogicallyexplainedtoacertainextent,forexample,theonomatopoeiawordswhicharecoinedonthebasisofimitationofsoundsbysoundssuchasbang,crash,etc.Takecompoundsforanotherexample.Thetwoelements“photo”and“copy”in“photocopy”arenon-motivated,butthecompoundisnotarbitrary.
ThePhoneticMediumofLanguage
1.1.Thephonicmediumoflanguage:
2.thelimitedrangeofsoundswhicharemeaningfulinhumancommunication.
3.2.Speechsounds:
4.theindividualsoundswithinthephonicmediumoflanguage.
4.ReviewQuestions5
1.Howdophonetics(语言学)andphonology(音韵学)differintheirfocusofstudy?
Phonetics:
descriptionofallspeechsoundsandtheirfinedifferences.
Phonology:
descriptionofsoundsystemsofparticularlanguagesandhowsoundsfunctiontodistinguishmeaning.
Phoneticsismoreconcernedwithdescriptionofallspeechsoundsandtheirfinedifferences;phonologyismoreconcernedwiththeorganizationofspeechsoundsinrelationtotheconveyanceofmeaning.
2.Howdobroadtranscriptionandnarrowtranscriptiondiffer?
Explainwithexamples.宽式标音和严式标音有什么区别?
Thebroadtranscriptionisthetranscriptionofsoundsbyusingonelettertorepresentonesound.
Thenarrowtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithdiacritics(变音符号)toshowdetailedarticulatoryfeaturesofsounds.
Inbroadtranscription,thesymbol[l]inusedforthesound[l]inwordslikeleaf[li:
f],feel[fi:
l],build[bild],andhealth[helθ].Thesound[l]inallthesewordsisdifferslightly.The[l]in[li:
f],occurringbeforeavowel,iscalledaclear[l],andnodiacriticisneededtoindicateit;the[l]in[fi:
l]and[bild],occurringbeforeanotherconsonant,iscalleddark[l],indicatedinnarrowtranscriptionas[l].Thenin[helθ],thesound[l]isfollowedbythedentals
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