语言学题目有答案.docx

语言学题目有答案.docx

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语言学题目有答案

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Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics

1.    Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman__________.

A.contact      B.communication        C.relation       D.community

2.    Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?

A.tree         B.typewriter  C.crash                D.bang

3.    Thefunctionofthesentence“Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade.”is__________.

A.interrogative        B.directive            C.informative            D.performative

4.    InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay“碎碎（岁岁）平安”asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform?

A.Interpersonal        B.Emotive            C.Performative        D.Recreational

5.    Whichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation?

A.Transferability        B.Duality            C.Displacement        D.Arbitrariness

6.    Studythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage?

—Aniceday,isn’tit?

—Right!

Ireallyenjoythesunlight.

A.Emotive            B.Phatic                C.Performative        D.Interpersonal

7.    __________referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances.

A.Performance        B.Competence        C.Langue            D.Parole

8.    Whenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistshearandnow.Itcouldn’tbesorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone.Thisindicatesthedesignfeatureof__________.

A.culturaltransmission    B.productivity        C.displacement        D.duality

9.    __________answerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage.

A.Psycholinguistics                        B.Anthropologicallinguistics

C.Sociolinguistics                            D.Appliedlinguistics

10.    __________dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation.

A.Linguistictheory                        B.Practicallinguistics

C.Appliedlinguistics                        D.Comparativelinguistics

II.    Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.（10%）

11.    Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.

12.    Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.

13.    Speakingisthequickestandmostefficientwayofthehumancommunicationsystems.

14.    Languageiswrittenbecausewritingistheprimarymediumforalllanguages.

15.    Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,whichmeansthedetailsofanylanguagesystemcanbegeneticallytransmitted.

16.    Onlyhumanbeingsareabletocommunicate.

17.    F.deSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintheearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.

18.    AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’stimeisanexampleofthediachronicstudyoflanguage.

19.    Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.

20.    Allthelanguagesintheworldtodayhavebothspokenandwrittenforms.

35.    Whydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?

Canyoutelluswhatlanguagewillbeifithasnosuchdesignfeature?

（南开大学，2004）

36.    Whyisitdifficulttodefinelanguage?

（北京第二外国语大学，2004）

VI.    Analyzethefollowingsituation.（20%）

37.    Howcanalinguistmakehisanalysisscientific?

（青岛海洋大学，1999）

1~5BACCC                    6~10BACAC

11~15FFTFF                    16~20FFFFF

31.    Designfeature:

Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.

32.    Displacement:

Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconcepts,whicharenotpresent（intimeandspace）atthemomentofcommunication.

33.    Competence:

Itisanessentialpartofperformance.Itisthespeaker’sknowledgeofhisorherlanguage;thatis,ofitssoundstructure,itswords,anditsgrammaticalrules.Competenceis,inaway,anencyclopediaoflanguage.Moreover,theknowledgeinvolvedincompetenceisgenerallyunconscious.Atransformational-generativegrammarisamodelofcompetence.

34.    Synchroniclinguistics:

Itreferstothestudyofalanguageatagivenpointintime.Thetimestudiedmaybeeitherthepresentoraparticularpointinthepast;synchronicanalysescanalsobemadeofdeadlanguages,suchasLatin.Synchroniclinguisticsiscontrastedwithdiachroniclinguistics,thestudyofalanguageoveraperiodoftime.

35.    Dualitymakesourlanguageproductive.Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberofelements–forinstance,tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds,around48inthecaseoftheEnglishlanguage.Andoutofthehugenumberofwords,therecanbeastronomicalnumberofpossiblesentencesandphrases,whichinturncancombinetoformunlimitednumberoftexts.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsdonothavethisdesignfeatureofhumanlanguage.

Iflanguagehasnosuchdesignfeature,thenitwillbelikeanimalcommunicationalsystemwhichwillbehighlylimited.Itcannotproduceaverylargenumberofsoundcombinations,e.g.words,whicharedistinctinmeaning.

36. Itisdifficulttodefinelanguage,asitissuchageneraltermthatcoverstoomanythings.Thus,definitionsforitallhavetheirownspecialemphasis,andarenottotallyfreefromlimitations.

37.  Itshouldbeguidedbythefourprinciplesofscience:

exhaustiveness,consistency,economyandobjectivityandfollowthescientificprocedure:

formhypothesis–collectdata–checkagainsttheobservablefacts–cometoaconclusion.

1.      Pitchvariationisknownas__________whenitspatternsareimposedonsentences.

A.intonation        B.tone     C.pronunciation          D.voice

2.      Conventionallya__________isputinslashes（//）.

A.allophone     B.phone          C.phoneme    D.morpheme

3.      Anaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpare__________ofthepphoneme.

A.analogues         B.tagmemes     C.morphemes     D.allophones

4.      Theopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoas__________.

A.glottis        B.vocalcavity   C.pharynx           D.uvula

5.      Thediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownas__________diphthongs.

A.wide          B.closing    C.narrow        D.centering

6.      Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled__________.

A.minimalpairs      B.allomorphs      C.phones   D.allophones

7.      Whichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds?

A.Acousticphonetics      B.Articulatoryphonetics

C.Auditoryphonetics           D.Noneoftheabove

8.      Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?

A.[n]                      B.[m]                      C.[b]                      D.[p]

9.      Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?

A.[i:

]                      B.[u]                      C.[e]                      D.[i]

10.      Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating?

A.Voiceless                B.Voiced                      C.Glottalstop                D.Consonant

II.      Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.（10%）

11.      Suprasegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentence.

12.      Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.

13.      Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.

14.      [p]isavoicedbilabialstop.

15.      Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.

16.      Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda.

17.      Whenpurevowelsormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidestakeplace.

18.      Accordingtothelengthortensenessofthepronunciation,vowelscanbedividedintotensevs.laxorlongvs.short.

19.      ReceivedPronunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymostpeople.

20.      Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintothecodaratherthantheonset.

35.      Whatisacousticphonetics?

（中国人民大学，2003）

36.      Whatarethedifferencesbet