完整版专八阅读理解模拟试题.docx
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完整版专八阅读理解模拟试题.docx
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完整版专八阅读理解模拟试题
专八阅读理解模拟试题(6)
Joyandsadnessareexperiencedbypeopleinallculturesaroundtheworld,buthowcanwetellwhenotherpeoplearehappyordespondent?
Itturnsoutthattheexpressionofmanyemotionsmaybeuniversal.Smilingisapparentlyauniversalsignoffriendlinessandapproval.Baringtheteethinahostileway,asnotedbyCharlesDarwininthenineteenthcentury,maybeauniversesignofanger.Astheoriginatorofthetheoryofevolution,Darwinbelievedthattheuniversalrecognitionoffacialexpressionswouldhavesurvivalvalue.Forexample,facialexpressionscouldsignaltheapproachofenemies(orfriends)intheabsenceoflanguage.
Mostinvestigatorsconcurthatcertainfacialexpressionssuggestthesameemotionsinapeople.Moreover,peopleindiverseculturesrecognizetheemotionsmanifestedbythefacialexpressions.InclassicresearchPaulEkmantookphotographsofpeopleexhibitingtheemotionsofanger,disgust,fear,happiness,andsadness.Hethenaskedpeoplearoundtheworldtoindicatewhatemotionswerebeingdepictedinthem.ThosequeriedrangedfromEuropeancollegestudentstomembersoftheFore,atribethatdwellsintheNewGuineahighlands.AllgroupsincludingtheFore,whohadalmostnocontactwithWesternculture,agreedontheportrayedemotions.TheForealsodisplayedfamiliarfacialexpressionswhenaskedhowtheywouldrespondiftheywerethecharactersinstoriesthatcalledforbasicemotionalresponses.Ekmanandhiscolleaguesmorerecentlyobtainedsimilarresultsinastudyoftenculturesinwhichparticipantswerepermittedtoreportthatmultipleemotionswereshownbyfacialexpressions.Theparticipantsgenerallyagreedonwhichtwoemotionswerebeingshownandwhichemotionwasmoreintense.
Psychologicalresearchersgenerallyrecognizethatfacialexpressionsreflectemotionalstates.Infact,variousemotionalstatesgiverisetocertainpatternsofelectricalactivityinthefacialmusclesandinthebrain.Thefacial-feedbackhypothesisargues,however,thatthecausalrelationshipbetweenemotionsandfacialexpressionscanalsoworkintheoppositedirection.Accordingtothishypothesis,signalsfromthefacialmuscles("feedback")aresentbacktoemotioncentersofthebrain,andsoaperson'sfacialexpressioncaninfluencethatperson'semotionalstate.
ConsiderDarwin'swords:
"Thefreeexpressionbyoutwardsignsofanemotionintensifiesit.Ontheotherhand,therepression,asfaraspossible,ofalloutwardsignssoftensouremotions."Cansmilinggiverisetofeelingsofgoodwill,forexample,andfrowningtoanger?
Psychologicalresearchhasgivenrisetosomeinterestingfindingsconcerningthefacial-feedbackhypothesis.Causingparticipantsinexperimentstosmile,forexample,leadsthemtoreportmorepositivefeelingsandtoratecartoons(humorousdrawingsofpeopleorsituations)asbeingmorehumorous.Whentheyarecausedtofrown,theyratecartoonsasbeingmoreaggressive.
Whatarethepossiblelinksbetweenfacialexpressionsandemotion?
Onelinkisarousal,whichisthelevelofactivityorpreparednessforactivityinanorganism.Intensecontractionoffacialmuscles,suchasthoseusedinsignifyingfear,heightensarousal.Self-perceptionofheightenedarousalthenleadstoheightenedemotionalactivity.Otherlinksmayinvolvechangesinbraintemperatureandthereleaseofneurotransmitters(substancesthattransmitnerveimpulses.)Thecontractionoffacialmusclesbothinfluencestheinternalemotionalstateandreflectsit.Ekmanhasfoundthattheso-calledDuchennesmile,whichischaracterizedby"crow'sfeet"wrinklesaroundtheeyesandasubtledropintheeyecoverfoldsothattheskinabovetheeyemovesdownslightlytowardtheeyeball,canleadtopleasantfeelings.
Ekman'sobservationmayberelevanttotheBritishexpression"keepastiffupperlip"asarecommendationforhandlingstress.Itmightbethata"stiff"lipsuppressesemotionalresponse-aslongasthelipisnotquiveringwithfearortension.Butwhentheemotionthatleadstostiffeningthelipismoreintense,andinvolvesstrongmuscletension,facialfeedbackmayheightenemotionalresponse.
1.Theworddespondentinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
Acurious
Bunhappy
Cthoughtful
Duncertain
2.Theauthormentions"Baringtheteethinahostileway"inorderto
Adifferentiateonepossiblemeaningofaparticularfacialexpressionfromothermeaningsofit
BupportDarwin'stheoryofevolution
Cprovideanexampleofafacialexpressionwhosemeaningiswidelyunderstood
Dcontrastafacialexpressionthatiseasilyunderstoodwithotherfacialexpressions
3.Thewordconcurinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
Aestimate
Bagree
Cexpect
Dunderstand
4.Accordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingwastrueoftheForepeopleof
NewGuinea?
ATheydidnotwanttobeshownphotographs.
BTheywerefamousfortheirstory-tellingskills.
CTheyknewverylittleaboutWesternculture.
DTheydidnotencouragetheexpressionofemotions.
5.Accordingtothepassage,whatdidDarwinbelievewouldhappentohumanemotionsthatwerenotexpressed?
ATheywouldbecomelessintense.
BTheywouldlastlongerthanusual.
CTheywouldcauseproblemslater.
DTheywouldbecomemorenegative.
参考答案(反白可见):
BCBCABCBCA
专八阅读理解模拟试题(5)
StudentsofUnitedStateshistory,seekingtoidentifythecircumstancesthatencouragedtheemergenceoffeministmovements,havethoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenth-centuryAmericaneconomicandsocialconditionsthataffectedthestatusofwomen.Thesehistorians,however,haveanalyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyfeministideasandactivitiesduringthesameperiod.Furthermore,theideologicaloriginsoffeminismintheUnitedStateshavebeenobscuredbecause,evenwhenhistoriansdidtakeintoaccountthosefeministideasandactivitiesoccurringwithintheUnitedStates,theyfailedtorecognizethatfeminismwasthenatrulyinternationalmovementactuallycenteredinEurope.Americanfeministactivistswhohavebeendescribedas"solitary"and"individualtheorists"wereinrealityconnectedtoamovement-utopiansocialism--whichwasalreadypopularizingfeministideasinEuropeduringthetwodecadesthatculminatedinthefirstwomen'srightsconferenceheldatSenecaFalls.NewYork,in1848.Thus,acompleteunderstandingoftheoriginsanddevelopmentofnineteenth-centuryfeminismintheUnitedStatesrequiresthatthegeographicalfocusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudyalreadymadeofsocialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentoffeminism.
TheearliestandmostpopularoftheutopiansocialistsweretheSaint-Simonians.ThespecificallyfeministpartofSaint-Simonianismhas,however,beenlessstudiedthanthegroup'scontributiontoearlysocialism.Thisisregrettableontwocounts.By1832feminismwasthecentralconcernofSaint-Simonianismandentirelyabsorbeditsadherents'energy;hence,byignoringitsfeminism.Europeanhistorianshavemisunderstood
Saint-Simonianism.Moreover,sincemanyfeministideascanbetracedtoSaint-Simonianism,Europeanhistorians'appreciationoflaterfeminisminFranceandtheUnitedStatesremainedlimited.
Saint-Simon'sfollowers,manyofwhomwerewomen,basedtheirfeminismonaninterpretationofhisprojecttoreorganizetheglobebyreplacingbruteforcewiththeruleofspiritualpowers.Thenewworldorderwouldberuledtogetherbyamale,torepresentreflection,andafemale,torepresentsentiment.Thiscomplementarityreflectsthefactthat,whiletheSaint-Simoniansdidnotrejectthebeliefthattherewereinnatedifferencesbetweenmenandwomen,theyneverthelessforesawanequallyimportantsocialandpoliticalroleforbothsexesintheirUtopia.
OnlyafewSaint-Simoniansopposedadefinitionofsexualequalitybasedongenderdistinction.Thisminoritybelievedthatindividualsofbothsexeswerebornsimilarincapacityandcharacter,andtheyascribedmale-femaledifferencestosocializationandeducation.Theenvisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthought,however,wasthatwomenwouldenterpubliclifeinthenewageandthatsexualequalitywouldrewardmenaswellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife.
1.ItcanbeinferredthattheauthorconsidersthosehistorianswhodescribeearlyfeministsintheUnitedStatesas"solitary"tobe
Ainsufficientlyfamiliarwiththeinternationaloriginsofnineteenth-centuryAmericanfeministthought
Boverlyconcernedwiththeregionaldiversityoffeministideasintheperiodbefore1848
Cnotfocusednarrowlyenoughintheirgeo-graphicalscope
DinsufficientlyawareoftheideologicalconsequencesoftheSenecaFallsconference
2.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrueoftheSenecaFallsconferenceonwomen'srights?
AItwasprimarilyaproductofnineteenth-centurySaint-Simonianfeminist
thought.
BItwastheworkofAmericanactivistswhowereindependentoffeministsabroad.
CItwastheculminatingachievementoftheUtopiansocialistmovement.DItwasamanifestationofaninternationalmovementforsocialchangeandfeminism
3.Theauthor'sattitudetowardmostEuropeanhistorianswhohavestudiedtheSaint-Simoniansisprimarilyoneof
Aapprovalofthespecificfocusoftheirresearch
BdisapprovaloftheirlackofattentiontotheissuethatabsorbedmostoftheSaint-Simonians'energyafter1832
Capprovaloftheirgeneralfocusonsocialconditions
DdisapprovaloftheirlackofattentiontolinksbetweentheSaint-SimoniansandtheirAmericancounterparts
4.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorbelievesthatstudyofSaint-SimonianismisnecessaryforhistoriansofAmericanfeminismb
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