城市规划专业 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 德黑兰的城市规划与发展.docx
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城市规划专业 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 德黑兰的城市规划与发展.docx
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Urbanplanninganddevelopmentin
Tehran
AliMadanipour
DepartmentofArchitecture,PlanningandLandscape,NewcastleUniversity,Newcastle,UnitedKingdom
Availableonline25September2006
Withapopulationofaround7millioninametropolitanregionof12millioninhabitants,Tehranisoneofthelargercitiesoftheworld.Thispaperchartsitsplanninganddevelopmentthroughtheages,particularlysincethemid-20thcentury,aperiodinwhichthecityhasgainedmostofitsphenomenalgrowth.Threephasesareidentifiedinthishistoricalprocess,withdifferenttypesofurbanplanningexercisedthroughinfrastructuredesignanddevelopment,landuseregulation,andpolicydevelopment.
_2006ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved. Keywords:
Planning,Urbangrowth,Iraniancities
Planningthroughinfrastructuredesignanddevelopment:
foundationsforgrowth
ThefirstphaseofTehran’splanningreferstotheperiodbeforetheSecondWorldWar,wherebyat
leastthreemajoreffortssettheframeworkforthecity’sgrowthanddevelopment:
wallingthecity
(1550s),expandingthewalledcity(1870s)andbuildinganewurbaninfrastructure(1930s).Theywereallledbythegovernment’sabilityanddesiretoinstigatechangeandshapethecitythroughundertakinglarge-scaleinfrastructureprojects.
TehranwasavillageoutsidetheancientcityofRay,whichlayatthefootofmountDamavand,thehighestpeakinthecountry,andattheintersectionoftwomajortradehighways:
theeast–westSilkRoadalongthesouthernedgeofAlburzmountainsandthenorth–southroutethatconnectedtheCaspianSeatothePersianGulf.RayhadbeeninhabitedforthousandsofyearsandwasthecapitaloftheSeljukdynastyinthe11thcentury;however,itdeclinedattheendofthemedievalperiod,whenTehranstartedtogrow(Lockhart,1960).
Thefirstlarge-scaletownplanningexerciseinTehranwasundertakenin1553,withtheconstructionofabazaarandcitywalls,whichweresquareandhadgatesonfoursides,inaccordancewiththepatternofancientPersiancities(Barthold,1984).Thissettheframework forotherdevelopmentsthatfollowed,andthecitygrewinsignificance,eventuallytobeselectedin1785asthecapitaloftheQajardynasty(1779–1925).
Onbecomingthecapital,thecityswelledbycourtiersandsoldiers,whowerefollowedbytradesandservices.Fromapopulationof15,000attheendofthe18thcentury,Tehrangrewtenfoldbythe1860s,witha10thofitsinhabitantsnowlivingoutsidetheoldwalls(Ettehadieh,1983).Thecountry’smilitarydefeatsinitsencounterswithBritainandRussiahadengenderedaprocessofreform,whichwasnowbeingextendedtothecapitalcity.Thesecondlarge-scaletownplanningexerciseinTehran,therefore,wasconductedforaccommodatinggrowthandintroducingmodernizationandreform.Startingin1868andlastingfor12years,newcitywalls,intheformofaperfectoctagonwith12gates,wereconstructed,whichweremoreusefulforgrowthmanagementandtaxcollectionthanfortheirdefensivevalue.Selectionasthecapitalcityandthesetransformations,whichincludedanewcentralsquare,newstreets,abank,aninstituteoftechnology,ahospital,atelegraphhouse,hotelsandEuropean-styleshops,were,accordingtoaBritishobserver,a‘‘twofoldrenaissance’’forTehran(Curzon,1892,p.300).
Thecitycontinuedtogrowandpressureformodernizationintensified,whichwasmanifestedintheConstitutionalRevolutionof1906.Amodernmunicipalitywasestablishedin1910,transformingtheoldsystemofurbangovernance.AftertheFirst WorldWar,thePahlavidynastycametopowerandthislastedfrom1925to1979.Thenewregime’semphasiswasonsecularismandnationalism,whichwerereflectedinadministrativecentralization,modernizationofthearmy,expansionofbureaucracy,developmentofatransportnetwork,integrationofregionsintoanationalmarket,andrestructuringtownsandcities(Abrahamian,1982).The1930switnessedwidespreadroad-wideningschemesthattoreapartthehistoricurbanfabric,makingthemaccessibletomotorvehicles.ThecityofTehranthuswentthroughitsthirdmajortownplanningexercise.Thecitywallsofthe1870swerefartoorestrictiveforagrowingcity.By1932,populationdensityhaddoubledto105personsperhectareandathirdofthepopulationlivedoutsidethewalls.Inadditiontodemographicpressure,thearrivalofmotorvehicles,theregime’sdesiretocontrolurbanpopulationsandtomodernizetheurbaninfrastructureledtoasubstantialtransformationofthecapital,inwhichitwas‘‘radicallyre-plannedandre-built’’(Lockhart,1939,p. 11).Newboulevardswerebuiltontheruinsofthecitywallsandmoats,aspartofatransportnetworkof218kmofnewroads.Thewalledroyalcompoundwasfragmentedandreplacedbyanewgovernmentquarter;retailerswereencouragedtom
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