TED演讲每个人都能掌握的记忆技巧.docx
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TED演讲每个人都能掌握的记忆技巧.docx
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TED演讲每个人都能掌握的记忆技巧
TED演讲:
每个人都能掌握的记忆技巧
I'dliketoinviteyoutocloseyoureyes.
Imagineyourselfstandingoutsidethefrontdoorofyourhome.I'dlikeyoutonoticethecolorofthedoor,thematerialthatit'smadeoutof.Nowvisualizeapackofoverweightnudistsonbicycles.Theyarecompetinginanakedbicyclerace,andtheyareheadedstraightforyourfrontdoor.Ineedyoutoactuallyseethis.Theyarepedalingreallyhard,they'resweaty,they'rebouncingaroundalot.Andtheycrashstraightintothefrontdoorofyourhome.Bicyclesflyeverywhere,wheelsrollpastyou,spokesendupinawkwardplaces.Stepoverthethresholdofyourdoorintoyourfoyer,yourhallway,whatever'sontheotherside,andappreciatethequalityofthelight.ThelightisshiningdownonCookieMonster.CookieMonsteriswavingatyoufromhisperchontopofatanhorse.It'satalkinghorse.Youcanpracticallyfeelhisbluefurticklingyournose.Youcansmelltheoatmealraisincookiethathe'sabouttoshovelintohismouth.Walkpasthim.Walkpasthimintoyourlivingroom.Inyourlivingroom,infullimaginativebroadband,pictureBritneySpears.Sheisscantilyclad,she'sdancingonyourcoffeetable,andshe'ssinging"HitMeBabyOneMoreTime."Andthenfollowmeintoyourkitchen.Inyourkitchen,thefloorhasbeenpavedoverwithayellowbrickroadandoutofyourovenarecomingtowardsyouDorothy,theTinMan,theScarecrowandtheLionfrom"TheWizardofOz,"hand-in-handskippingstraighttowardsyou.
Okay.Openyoureyes.
IwanttotellyouaboutaverybizarrecontestthatisheldeveryspringinNewYorkCity.It'scalledtheUnitedStatesMemoryChampionship.AndIhadgonetocoverthiscontestafewyearsbackasasciencejournalistexpecting,Iguess,thatthiswasgoingtobeliketheSuperbowlofsavants.Thiswasabunchofguysandafewladies,widelyvaryinginbothageandhygienicupkeep.
(Laughter)
Theywerememorizinghundredsofrandomnumbers,lookingatthemjustonce.Theywerememorizingthenamesofdozensanddozensanddozensofstrangers.Theywerememorizingentirepoemsinjustafewminutes.Theywerecompetingtoseewhocouldmemorizetheorderofashuffledpackofplayingcardsthefastest.Iwaslike,thisisunbelievable.Thesepeoplemustbefreaksofnature.
AndIstartedtalkingtoafewofthecompetitors.ThisisaguycalledEdCookwhohadcomeoverfromEnglandwherehehadoneofthebesttrainedmemories.AndIsaidtohim,"Ed,whendidyourealizethatyouwereasavant?
"AndEdwaslike,"I'mnotasavant.Infact,Ihavejustanaveragememory.Everybodywhocompetesinthiscontestwilltellyouthattheyhavejustanaveragememory.We'vealltrainedourselvestoperformtheseutterlymiraculousfeatsofmemoryusingasetofancienttechniques,techniquesinvented2,500yearsagoinGreece,thesametechniquesthatCicerohadusedtomemorizehisspeeches,thatmedievalscholarshadusedtomemorizeentirebooks."AndIwaslike,"Whoa.HowcomeIneverheardofthisbefore?
"
Andwewerestandingoutsidethecompetitionhall,andEd,whoisawonderful,brilliant,butsomewhateccentricEnglishguy,saystome,"Josh,you'reanAmericanjournalist.DoyouknowBritneySpears?
"I'mlike,"What?
No.Why?
""BecauseIreallywanttoteachBritneySpearshowtomemorizetheorderofashuffledpackofplayingcardsonU.S.nationaltelevision.Itwillprovetotheworldthatanybodycandothis."
(Laughter)
Iwaslike,"WellI'mnotBritneySpears,butmaybeyoucouldteachme.Imean,you'vegottostartsomewhere,right?
"Andthatwasthebeginningofaverystrangejourneyforme.
Iendedupspendingthebetterpartofthenextyearnotonlytrainingmymemory,butalsoinvestigatingit,tryingtounderstandhowitworks,whyitsometimesdoesn'tworkandwhatitspotentialmightbe.
Imetahostofreallyinterestingpeople.ThisisaguycalledE.P.He'sanamnesicwhohad,verypossibly,theveryworstmemoryintheworld.Hismemorywassobadthathedidn'tevenrememberhehadamemoryproblem,whichisamazing.Andhewasthisincrediblytragicfigure,buthewasawindowintotheextenttowhichourmemoriesmakeuswhoweare.
Theotherendofthespectrum:
Imetthisguy.ThisisKimPeek.HewasthebasisforDustinHoffman'scharacterinthemovie"RainMan."WespentanafternoontogetherintheSaltLakeCityPublicLibrarymemorizingphonebooks,whichwasscintillating.
(Laughter)
AndIwentbackandIreadawholehostofmemorytreatises,treatiseswritten2,000-plusyearsagoinLatininAntiquityandthenlaterintheMiddleAges.AndIlearnedawholebunchofreallyinterestingstuff.OneofthereallyinterestingthingsthatIlearnedisthatonceuponatime,thisideaofhavingatrained,disciplined,cultivatedmemorywasnotnearlysoalienasitwouldseemtoustobetoday.Onceuponatime,peopleinvestedintheirmemories,inlaboriouslyfurnishingtheirminds.
Overthelastfewmilleniawe'veinventedaseriesoftechnologies--fromthealphabettothescrolltothecodex,theprintingpress,photography,thecomputer,thesmartphone--thathavemadeitprogressivelyeasierandeasierforustoexternalizeourmemories,forustoessentiallyoutsourcethisfundamentalhumancapacity.Thesetechnologieshavemadeourmodernworldpossible,butthey'vealsochangedus.They'vechangedusculturally,andIwouldarguethatthey'vechangeduscognitively.Havinglittleneedtorememberanymore,itsometimesseemslikewe'veforgottenhow.
OneofthelastplacesonEarthwhereyoustillfindpeoplepassionateaboutthisideaofatrained,disciplined,cultivatedmemoryisatthistotallysingularmemorycontest.It'sactuallynotthatsingular,therearecontestsheldallovertheworld.AndIwasfascinated,Iwantedtoknowhowdotheseguysdoit.
AfewyearsbackagroupofresearchersatUniversityCollegeLondonbroughtabunchofmemorychampionsintothelab.Theywantedtoknow:
Dotheseguyshavebrainsthataresomehowstructurally,anatomicallydifferentfromtherestofours?
Theanswerwasno.Aretheysmarterthantherestofus?
Theygavethemabunchofcognitivetests,andtheanswerwasnotreally.
Therewashoweveronereallyinterestingandtellingdifferencebetweenthebrainsofthememorychampionsandthecontrolsubjectsthattheywerecomparingthemto.WhentheyputtheseguysinanfMRImachine,scannedtheirbrainswhiletheywerememorizingnumbersandpeople'sfacesandpicturesofsnowflakes,theyfoundthatthememorychampionswerelightingupdifferentpartsofthebrainthaneveryoneelse.Ofnote,theywereusing,ortheyseemedtobeusing,apartofthebrainthat'sinvolvedinspatialmemoryandnavigation.Why?
Andistheresomethingtherestofuscanlearnfromthis?
Thesportofcompetitivememorizingisdrivenbyakindofarmsracewhereeveryyearsomebodycomesupwithanewwaytoremembermorestuffmorequickly,andthentherestofthefieldhastoplaycatchup.
ThisismyfriendBenPridmore,three-timeworldmemorychampion.Onhisdeskinfrontofhimare36shuffledpacksofplayingcardsthatheisabouttotrytomemorizeinonehour,usingatechniquethatheinventedandhealonehasmastered.Heusedasimilartechniquetomemorizethepreciseorderof4,140randombinarydigitsinhalfanhour.Yeah.
Andwhilethereareawholehostofwaysofrememberingstuffinthesecompetitions,everything,allofthetechniquesthatarebeingused,ultimatelycomedowntoaconceptthatpsychologistsrefertoaselaborativeencoding.
Andit'swellillustratedbyaniftyparadoxknownastheBaker/bakerparadox,whichgoeslikethis:
IfItelltwopeopletorememberthesameword,ifIsaytoyou,"RememberthatthereisaguynamedBaker."That'shisname.AndIsaytoyou,"Rememberthatthereisaguywhoisabaker."AndIcomebacktoyouatsomepointlateron,andIsay,"DoyourememberthatwordthatItoldyouawhileback?
Doyourememberwhatitwas?
"ThepersonwhowastoldhisnameisBakerislesslikelytorememberthesamewordthanthepersonwastoldhisjobisthatheisabaker.Sameword,differentamountofremembering;that'sweird.What'sgoingonhere?
WellthenameBakerdoesn'tactuallymeananythingtoyou.Itisentirelyuntetheredfromalloftheothermemoriesfloatingaroundinyourskull.Butthecommonnounbaker,weknowbakers.Bakerswearfunnywhitehats.Bakershaveflourontheirhands.Bakerssmellgoodwhentheycomehomefromwork.Maybeweevenknowabaker.Andwhenwefirsthearthatword,westartputtingtheseassociationalhooksintoitthatmakeiteasiertofishitbackoutatsomelaterdate.TheentireartofwhatisgoingoninthesememorycontestsandtheentireartofrememberingstuffbetterineverydaylifeisfiguringoutwaystotransformcapitalBBakersintolower-caseBbakers--totakeinformationthatislackingincontext,insignificance,inmeaningandtransformitinsomewaysothatitbecomesmeaningfulinthelightofalltheotherthingsthatyouhaveinyourmind.
Oneofthemoreelaboratetechniquesfordoingthisdatesback2,500yearstoAncientGreece.Itcametobeknownasthememorypalace.Thestorybehinditscreationgoeslikethis:
TherewasapoetcalledSimonideswhowasattendingabanquet.Hewasactuallythehiredentertainment,becausebackthenifyouwantedtothrowareallyslammingparty,youdidn'thireaD.J.,youhiredapoet.Andhestandsup,delivershispoemfrommemory,walksoutthedoor,andatthemomenthedoes,thebanquethallcollapses,killseverybodyinside.Itdoesn'tjustkilleverybody,itmanglesthebodiesbeyondallrecognition.Nobo
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