Figurative Speech 英语修辞总结汇总.docx
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Figurative Speech 英语修辞总结汇总.docx
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FigurativeSpeech英语修辞总结汇总
FiguresofSpeech/RhetoricalDevices
I.Introduction
Byfiguresofspeechwereferheretothoserhetoricaldevicestermedtropesinclassicalrhetoric.Tropeshavetodowiththewaywordsaremadetomeanotherthanwhattheywouldnormallyimply,andthereforeinvolvedeviationfromtheordinaryandliteralmeaningofwords.Theyarewaysofmakingourlanguagefigurative.
Aknowledgeofthefigures,andofhowtheyarebestusedwillbeofhelptousnotonlyindeepeningourunderstandingofwhatweread,butalsoinappreciatingmorefullythefinerpointsofawriter’sstyle.Intheprocess,wemightevenlearntowritebetterourselves.
Thenumberoffiguresrangedfrom65to200inclassicaltimes.Wewillonlychoosethosethatareofmostuniversalappeal,andofthegreatestpracticalvalue.
II.Simileandmetaphor
1.simile:
Itisacomparisonbetweentwodistinctivelydifferentthingsandthecomparisonisindicatedbythewordas,like,asif,than.Asimileismadeupofthreeparts,thetenor,thevehicle,andtheindicatorofresemblanceorsimilemarker.
Asimileisafigureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristicincommon.Thecomparisonispurelyimaginative,thatis,theresemblancebetweenthetwounlikethingsinthatoneparticularaspectexistsonlyinourminds,inour“inwardeye”andnotinthenatureofthethingsthemselves.Tomakethecomparison,wordslikeas,as…as,as…so,like,asif,asthough,similarto,tobeararesemblanceto,andcomparativestructure,prepositionalphrases,andothercollocationsareusedtotransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother.Sometimestheassociationisbetweenunfamiliarandfamiliarthings,orbetweenabstractandconcreteimages.Thestrongertheassociationthatisfelt,thegreatertheforceofthecomparison,thestrongerthepowerofsuggestionandthesharpertheimageproduced.
1)like
a.Andthenthewhiningschoolboy,withhissatchelandshiningmorningface,creepinglikesnailunwillinglytoschool…(Shakespeare)
b.Hewaslikeacockwhothoughtthesunhadrisenforhimtocrow.
c.Recordsfelllikeripeapplesonawindyday.
d.Motherwasshortandplumpandpretty.Hereyeswereblue,andherbrownhairwaslikeabird’ssmoothwings…
e.Habitmaybelikenedtoacable;everydayweweaveathread,andsoonwecannotbreakit.
2)as
a.Menfeardeath,aschildrenfeartogointhedark:
andasthatnaturalfearinchildrenisincreasedwithtales,soistheother.
b.Asthelioniskingofbeasts,soistheeaglekingofbirds.
3)asif,asthough
a.Shespokehurriedly,asifherhearthadleapedintoherthroatattheboy’swords.
b.HewasabeautifulhorsethatlookedasthoughhehadcomeoutofapaintingbyVelasquez.
4)what
a.Readingistothemindwhatexerciseistothebody.
b.Whatsaltistofood,thatwitandhumouraretoconversationandliterature.
5)than
a.Hehasnomoreideaofmoneythanacow.
b.Ahomewithoutloveisnomorethanabodywithoutasoul.
6)and
a.Awordandastoneletgocannotberecalled.
b.Loveandcoughcannotbehid.
7)with
a.Withthequicknessofalongcat,sheclimbedupintothenestofcool-bladedfoliage.
2.metaphor:
Itistheuseofawordwhichoriginallydenotesonethingtorefertoanotherwithasimilarquality.Itisalsoacomparisonbetweentwodistinctivelydifferentthings,butthecomparisonisimplied,notexpressedwiththewordasorlike.MetaphorisalsocalledCondensedSimile.Metaphorsareusednotonlyafterverbtobe,andnotonlynounscanbeusedmetaphorically,adjectives,adverbs,verbscanalsobeusedmetaphorically.
1)n.
a.Theparksarethelungsofourcity.
b.Moneyisalensinacamera.
2)v.
a.ApplicationsforjobsfloodedtheEmploymentAgency.
3)adj.
a.Themountainouswavesswalloweduptheship.
4)ofphrase
thebridgeoffriendship,thevalleyofdespair,aflowerofagirl
III.Analogy,allegory,metonymy,synecdocheandallusion
1.analogy
Itisalsoaformofcomparison,butunlikesimileormetaphor,whichusuallyconcentratesononepointofresemblance,analogydrawsaparallelbetweentwounlikethingsthathaveseveralcommonqualitiesorpointsofresemblance.Analogyischieflyusedforthepurposeofpersuasionorfortheexplanationorexpositionofanidea.Analogycouldbeasimileorametaphor,itisacombinationofdifferentfigurativeusages.
a.“Thechess-boardistheworld;thepiecesarethephenomenaoftheuniverse;therulesofthegamearewhatwecallthelawsofNature.Theplayerontheothersideishiddenfromus.…”
b.It’swithourjudgmentsaswithourwatches;nonegojustalike,yeteachbelieveshisown.
c.Judiciouspraiseistochildrenwhatthesunistoflowers.
d.Theinspirationforastoryisli
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