应收账款管理外文文献.docx
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应收账款管理外文文献.docx
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应收账款管理外文文献
应收账款管理外文文献
MANAGEMENTOFACCOUNTSRECEIVABLE
INACOMPANY
Abstract
Accountsreceivablemanagementdirectlyimpactstheprofitabilityofacompany.Firstly,thepurposeoftheempiricalpartofthestudyistoanalyzeaccountsreceivableandtodemonstrateacorrelationbetweentheaccountsreceivablelevelandprofitabilityexpressedintermsofRetunonAssets(ROA)ofsamplecompanies.Secondly,theaimoftheoreticalresearchistoexplorecostandbenefitsofchangesincreditpolicy,determinetheindependentvariableswhichhaveanimpactonnetsavingsandestablisharelationshipamongtheminordertodevelopanewmathematicalmodelforcalculatingnetsavingsfollowingarevisionofcreditpolicy.Onthebasisofresearchresult,amathematicalmodelforcalculatingnetsavingsandfollowingarevisionofcreditpolicy,hasbeendevelopedandwiththismodelacompanycanconsiderdifferentcreditpoliciesaswellaschangesincreditpolicyinordertoimproveitsincomeandprofitabilityandestablishacreditpolicythatresultsinthegreatestnetprofitability.Keywords:
accountsreceivable,profitability,netsavings,creditpolicy
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EKON.MISAOPRAKSADBK.GODXXII.(2013.)BR.1.(21-38)Kontuš,E.:
MANAGEMENTOFACCOUNTS...1.INTRODUCTION
Accountsreceivableisthemoneyowedtoacompanyasaresultofhavingsolditsproductstocustomersoncredit.Theprimarydeterminantsofthecompany'sinvestmentinaccountsreceivablearetheindustry,theleveloftotalsalesalongwiththecompany'screditandthecollectionpolicies.
Accountsreceivablemanagementincludesestablishingacreditandcollectionspolicy.
Creditpolicyconsistsoffourvariables:
creditperiod,discountsgivenforearlypayment,creditstandardsandcollectionpolicy.Thethreeprimaryissuesinaccountsreceivablemanagementaretowhomcreditshouldbeextended,thetermsofthecreditandtheprocedurethatshouldbeusedtocollectthemoney.
Themajordecisionregardingaccountsreceivableisthedeterminationoftheamountandtermsofcredittoextendtocustomers.Thetotalamountofaccountsreceivableoutstandingatanygiventimeisdeterminedbytwofactors:
thevolumeofcreditsalesandtheaveragelengthoftimebetweensalesandcollections.Thecredittermsofferedhaveadirectbearingontheassociatedcostsandrevenuetobegeneratedfromreceivables.Ifcredittermsaretight,therewillbelessofaninvestmentinaccountsreceivableandfewerbaddebtlosses,buttherewillalsobelowersalesandreducedprofits.
Wehypothesizethatbyapplyingscientifically-basedaccountsreceivablemanagementandbyestablishingacreditpolicythatresultsinthehighestnetearnings,companiescanearnasatisfactoryprofitaswellasareturnoninvestment.
Thepurposeofthisstudyistodeterminewaysoffindinganoptimalaccountsreceivablelevelalongwithmakingoptimumuseofdifferentcreditpoliciesinordertoachieveamaximumreturnatanacceptablelevelofrisk.Instrivingtofillinthegapsrelatingtonetsavingsfromchangesincreditpolicy,thestudymakesitsowncontributiontoresearchandtherebytomanagersbygivingthemgeneralrecommendation.Withtheaimofcompletingthesegaps,thestudywillinvestigateaccountsreceivables,theirmanagementandexplorecostsandbenefitsfromchangesincreditpolicyaswellasnetprofitability.
Whenacompanyisconsideringchangesinitscreditpolicyinordertoimproveitsincome,incrementalprofitabilitymustbecomparedwiththecostofdiscountandtheopportunitycostassociatedwithhigherinvestmentinaccountsreceivable.
Theoutcomerepresentsanewmathematicalmodelforcalculatingnetsavingsfromchangesincreditpolicyandwiththismodelacompanycanconsiderdifferentcreditpoliciesaswellaschangesincreditpolicyinordertoimproveitsincomeandprofitability.
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EKON.MISAOPRAKSADBK.GODXXII.(2013.)BR.1.(21-38)Kontuš,E.:
MANAGEMENTOFACCOUNTS...2.LITERATUREREVIEW
2.1.Accountsreceivablemanagement
Accountsreceivablerepresentsasizablepercentageofmostfirms'assets.Investmentsinaccountsreceivable,particularlyformanufacturingcompanies,representasignificantpartofshort-termfinancialmanagement.Firmstypicallysellgoodsandservicesonbothcashandacreditbasis.Firmswouldrathersellforcashthanoncredit,butcompetitivepressuresforcemostfirmstooffercredit.Theextensionoftradecreditleadstotheestablishmentofaccountsreceivable.Receivablesrepresentcreditsalesthathavenotbeencollected.Asthecustomerspaytheseaccounts,thefirmreceivesthecashassociatedwiththeoriginalsale.Ifthecustomerdoesnotpayanaccount,abaddebtlossisincurred
1Whenacreditsaleismade,thefollowingeventsoccur:
inventoriesare.reducedbythecostofgoodssold,accountsreceivableareincreasedbythesalesprice,andthedifferenceisprofit,whichisaddedtoretainedearnings.Ifthesaleisforcash,thenthecashfromthesalehasactuallybeenreceivedbythefirm,butifthesaleisoncredit,thefirmwillnotreceivethecashfromthesaleunlessanduntiltheaccountiscollected.Carryingreceivablehasbothdirectandindirectcosts,butitalsohasanimportantbenefit-increasedsales.
AccordingtoChambersandLaceytherearethreeprimaryissuesinthe
2managementofaccountsreceivable:
towhomtoextendcredit,whatthetermsofthecreditshouldbe,andwhatprocedureshouldbeusedtocollectthemoney.Extendingcreditshouldbebaseduponacomparisonofcostsandbenefits.Theanalysismustbuildinuncertaintybecauseweareuncertainoffuturepayment,andwewillhandlethisbycomputingtheexpectedcostsandexpectedbenefitsthroughpaymentprobabilities.Thepotentialcostofextendingcreditisthatthecustomerwillnotpay.Althoughthereisatemptationtocomputethiscostasthefullpriceoftheproduct,itisalmostalwaysmoreappropriatetousetheactualcostoftheproduct.Thepotentialbenefitofextendingcreditisnotjustthehopeforprofitontheonetransaction;rather,itisthepotentialvalueofthecustomerforalong-termrelationship.
Thedecisionofhowmuchcredittooffermustbemadewhenthecustomerinitiallyrequestscreditandwhenthecustomerrequestsadditionalcredit.Thefundamentalprinciplethatguidesfinancialdecisionscanbeused:
marginalbenefitversusmarginalcost.Themarginalcostistheadditionalpotentiallostcostsoftheproduct.Thecostsofpastuncollectedsalesaresunkcostsandshouldnotbeincludedasamarginalcosts.Themarginalbenefitsarethepotentialsalesand1Pinches,G.:
FinancialManagement,HarperCollinsCollegePublishers,NewYork,1994.,p.701-702.2Chambers,D.R.,Lacey,N.L.:
ModernCorporateFinance,HaydenMcNeilPublishing,Michigan,2011,p.518.
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EKON.MISAOPRAKSADBK.GODXXII.(2013.)BR.1.(21-38)Kontuš,E.:
MANAGEMENTOFACCOUNTS...interestrevenues–includingthepotentialtorecoverpastsalesthatremain3uncollected.
Oncethedecisiontograntcredithasbeenmade,thefirmmustestablishthetermsofthecredit.Credittermsareoftenseparatedintotwoparts:
thecreditperiodandthecreditdiscount.
Collectionofaccountsreceivableisanimportantprocessforacorporationandrequiresawell-designedandwell-implementedpolicy.Onetechniqueisthefactoringofaccountsreceivables.Inatypicalfactoringarrangement,onefirmwillselltheiraccountsreceivableoutrighttoanotherfirmforanagreed-uponprice.Thereiausuallynorecourseinsuchtransactions,suchthatthebuyer(alsoknownasthefactor)takesthelossifthepurchaserofthegoodsdoesnotultimatelypayforthem.
Anothertechniquetoexpeditethereceiptofaccountsreceivableistoutilizelockboxes.Lockboxesarepaymentcollectionlocationsspreadgeographicallysoastoreducetheamountoftimerequiredforchecksmailedtothefirmtobedepositedandcleared.Thelockboxesaretypicallypostofficeboxaddressesfromwhichdepositsgodirectlytoabankonthedayofreceipt.Thereductionofmailingtimeandcheckclearingtimeforthebankscanproducesignificantsavingswhenlargesumsofmoneyareinvolved.
Paymentsofaccountsreceivableshouldbecloselymonitoredtodetectpotentialproblemssuchaswouldbeindicatedbyslowpayments.Followinguponslow-payingcustomersisanimportantfunctionofthecreditdepartment.Proceduresshouldbecarefullydevelopedandconsistentlyimplemented4.
Themajordecisionregardingaccountsreceivableisthedeterminationoftheamountandtermsofcredittoextendtocustomers.Thetotalamountofaccountsreceivableisdeterminedbytwofactors:
thevolumeofcreditsalesandtheaveragelengthoftimebetweensalesandcollections.Thecredittermsofferedhaveadirectbearingontheassociatedcostsandrevenuetobegeneratedfrom
receivables.Inevaluatingapotentialcustomer’sabilitytopay,considerationshouldbegiventothefirm’sintegrity,financialsoundness,collateraltobepledged,andcurrenteconomicconditions.Acustomer’screditsoundnessmaybeevaluatedthroughquantitativetechniquessuchasregressionanalysis.Baddebtlossescanbeestimatedreliablywhenacompanysellstomanycustomersandwhenitscreditpolicieshavenotchangedforalongperiodoftime.Inmanagingaccountsreceivable,thefollowingproceduresarerecommended:
establishacreditpolicy
establishapolicyconcerningbilling
establishapolicyconcerningcollection.
3Ibidem,p.520.4Ibidem,p.521-522.
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EKON.MISAOPRAKSADBK.GODXXII.(2013.)BR.1.(21-38)Kontuš,E.:
MANAGEMENTOFACCOUNTS...
Theestablishmentofacreditpolicycanincludethefollowingactivit
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