大学毕业设计红楼梦英语.docx
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大学毕业设计红楼梦英语.docx
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大学毕业设计红楼梦英语
1.0Introduction
ADreamofRedMansionsisoneofthe"FourGreat"Chinesenovels.Writteninthemid-18thcentury,itissetinthearistocraticJiahouseholdinBeijing.InChina,RedMansionsrepresentsaprosperousfamily,sothetitlereallyreflectsthethemeofthestory,theillusionsofwealthandgrandeurwhichquicklyvanish,leavingbehindmemorieswhichseemmorelikeadreamratherthanrealisticlifestyle.
TheheroisBao-yu,ateenageboywholikesfemalecompany.Bornwithajadeinhismouth,heisspoiltbyhisgrandmother,motherandalotofgirls,yethelivesinfearofhisfatherandpreferswritingpoetrytostudyingtheclassics.
Theheroine,Bao-yu'scousin,Dai-yuissickly,easytodepression,over-sensitive,alwaysconsciousofherstatusasanorphan,also,sheisatalentpoet,smart,sagacityandpronetosarcasm.Inaword,aclassicRomanticheroine.SheandBao-yuareinlovewithoneanotherandthis,andtheircontinualmisunderstandingsandDai-yu'seventualunhappyend,formoneofthenovel'scentre.
Thegreatestachievementofthenovelisitsvividcharacerisation.Ofthemorethanfourhundredpersonsinthenovel,atleastfortyarehighlyindividualised.UnderCaoXueqin’spen,thosepersonsnotonlyhavetheirpersonallooks,buttheirvoicesandemotions.Thesubtlementalityofthecharactersleavesdeepimpressioninthereader’smind.
CaoXueqincompletedamasterpiecewiththepainstakinglaborofallhislifetimeandleftafterhimalastingreverberationinthemindofhisposterity.
Totheartoflanguageinclassicalnovels,ADreamofRedMansionsdeservestobecalledamodel.In20thcentury,whenthestudyofthenovelisonthetrend,theartofitslanguagedrawsmuchattentionnaturally,andmakesgreatachievements.Accordingtothestatistics,besidesthecountlessbibliographywhichstudiesitslanguage,thereareatleastfourhundredpaperstostudyitslanguage.
Thelanguageofthecharacterizationisindividualized.
TheearliestmonographstostudythelanguageofthenovelisTheLinguisticArtofDreamofRedMansionswrotebyZhouZhongming(1982).Inthebook,hemadeacompleteandmeticulousstudyoftheconversation.
Fromthenon,greatattentionshavebeendrawnfromlinguists.
LiuRunqing(1999:
117-136)analyzedsomefamouschaptersfromtheperspectiveofpragmatics.LiuRunqing(1999)analyzedsomefamouschaptersfromtheperspectiveofpragmatics.LiuJiarongandZhangHong(2002)analyzedthenovelwiththetheoryofpoliteness.
Thisthesisadoptsthemethodofanalyzingthedatacollectedfromallsortsofwritingsanditiscomposedofsixparts,namely,introduction,theatricalframework,thecooperativeprincipleandADreamofRedMansions,complicitofdifferentimplicature,pragmaticanalysisofcontext,deceptionandconclusion.
2.0TheoreticalFramework
2.1CooperativePrincipleandFourMaxims
ThecooperativeprincipleisaprincipleofconversationproposedbyGricein1975,statingthatparticipantsexpectthateachwill“maketheconversationalcontributionsuchasisrequired,atthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchange”.
Gricebelievesthattheassumptionofcooperationcanbeelaboratedinfoursub-principlescalledmaximsincludingquality,quantity,relationandmanner:
1.QualityMaxim:
Trytomakeyourcontributiononethatistrue.Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.2.QuantityMaxim:
Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired(forthecurrentpurposesoftheexchange).Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.3.RelationMaxim:
Berelevant.4.MannerMaxim:
Beperspicuous.Avoidobscurityofexpression.Avoidambiguity.Bebrief(avoidunnecessaryprolixity).Beorderly.”
Amongthefourmaxims,itisQualityMaximthatGricethinksmustn’tbeviolated.HethinksthatthespeakerwhoviolatesQualityMaximislyingandlyingisamoraloffence.Gricearguedthatanyintentionalactsofhumanbeingsshouldnotgobeyond“honesty”.Hisideaismoreorlessofextremeidealismwithoutrealisticconsideration,thusinconceivabletomanyphilosophersandlinguisticshomeandabroad.AmericanDoctorofphilosophyDaniel(oneofDavidson’sstudents)pointsoutthatlyingisacommonphenomenonindailylife.
Grice’sstartpointisthathumaninteractionhasaseriesofpurposes,ora“direction”mutuallyrecognizedandacceptedbybothinterlocutors.HesummarizesthosesharedconventionsofdailycommunicationinCPanditsConversationalMaxims,butleavesseveralissuesopentofurtherdiscussion.Forexample,herecognizestheneedformoremaxims(tentativelyproposingafifth:
“bepolite”).ThePolitenessPrinciple(abbreviatedasPP)isasetofmaxims,whichGeoffLeechhasproposedasawayofexplaininghowpolitenessoperatorsinconversationalexchanges.Leechdefinespolitenessasformsofbehaviorthatestablishandmaintaincomity,ortheabilityofparticipantsinasocialinteractiontoengageinanatmosphereofrelativeharmony.
Peopleoftenlieforthepurposeofdeceivingotherstoachievetheirpersonalobjectives,yetinmanycases,DeceptiontestifiesLeech’sPPandMaxims.
2.2Deception
Deceptionhasdrawnattentionofmanyscholarsofvariousfieldssuchassociolinguistics,pragmatics,rhetoricbecauseofitsinseparablerelationshipwithhumanverbalinteraction.InthedevelopmentalpsychologywiththeexcessiveconcernispointedtothedefinitionofDeceptionandthedevelopmentofmoralevaluationbydevelopmentalpsychologists.Astheinvestigationintheareaproceeds,thereweretwotheoreticalconceptsconcerningdevelopmentwhichtriggeredthemostheateddiscussion:
theprototypicalapproachesandthefolkoristicmodel.TheprototypicalapproachesdefinethefeaturesofprototypicalDeceptionwiththreesemanticelements:
namely,
(1)thespeechgoesagainstthetruth.(Theelementoftruth)
(2)Thespeakerknowsthathis/herspeechiswrong.(Theelementofbelief)and(3)Thespeakerdeliberatelydeceivesthehearer.(Theelementofintention)ThetheorypredictsthatthedevelopmentofthedefinitionofDeception,freefromtheinfluenceofsocialandculturefactors,dependsonthechildren’sunderstandingofthethreekeyelementsmentionedabove.
3.0TheCooperativePrincipleandADreamofRedMansions
3.1ViolationoftheMaxims
Inasense,thetheoryofconversationalimplicaturemaybeseenasanattempttoexplainhowcommunicationsucceedsinthefaceofviolationofthemaxims.Aparticipantintalkexchangemayfailtofulfillamaximinthefollowingfourways(Grice,2002):
1)ThespeakermayviolatetheCooperativePrincipledeliberatelybutwithoutmakingthehearerrealizeit.Inthiscase,thespeakerismostlikelytomisleadthehearer.
2)Thespeakermayavoidcooperationinanexplicitwaybytellingthehearerthathedoesn’twanttoanswer,orhecannotsayanymore.
3)Thespeakermayfaceadilemma.Forexample,ontheonehand,hewantstoholdtheQualityMaximthepresentstagerequires,whileontheotherhand,thereisapossbilitythatotherMaximswillbeviolatediftheQualityMaximisheld.There’saclashhere.
4)Thespeakermaydeliberatelyviolateoneofthemaximorfailofulfillit.Butthisisdifferentfromthefirstcaseinwhichthespeakerassumesthatthehearerknowsheintendstodosomething,andthehearerstillregardshimbeingcooperativeinobservingthegeneralCooperativePrinciple.Thehearerknowsthatthespeakerisnottryingtomisleadhim.
Inthefirstcase,thespeakerdoesnotobservetheCooperativePrincipleandhedoesnottelltotheotherparticipantsthatheisbeinguncooperative.
Inthesecondcase,thespeakermakesitexplicitthatheisnotcooperativeatthemoment.Inthiscase,itisimpossiblethataconversationalimplicaturewillbegenerated.
Inthethirdcase,thespeakerfacesdilemma..Butasthespeakerreallydoesnotknowtheexacttimeandhedoesnotwanttolieorgiveinadequateevidence,hehastosacrificetheQuantityMaximinordertoholstheQualityMaxim.Itconversationallyimplies‘Idon’tknowtheexacttime’.
Thefourthcaseistheonethatcanmostlikelygenerateconversationalimplicatures.Thespeaker,onthewhole,observetheCooperativePrinciple,buthefailstofulfillcertainmaxims,ortobemoreprecise,hedeliberatelyfailstodosoinordertogenerateaconversationalimplicature.
Grice’scooperativeprincipledescribesanidealstateofconversation.Generallytheydoviolatetheprincipleconsciouslyorunconsciously.Iftheydoitunconsciouly,theyareeasilytomakemisunderstanding.Iftheydoitonpurposetheymeantomakeahumor,orexpresstheircertainimplications,somethingmorethanwhattheysay.Indailylife,peopleoftenmoreviolatetheprinciplesthancomplywiththem.So,incommunicate,whenonepartviolatestheprincipleobviously,then,hemorelikelydoesitonpurpose,so,thehearershouldconcludetheimplicationoftheviolence,whichmeansthatheshouldunderstandtherealmeaningoftothespeaker.WecanoftenseetheexamplesoftheviolationoftheCooperationprincipleinliteratureworks.
3.2TheViolationofCooperativePrincipleinthenovel
3.2.1TheViolationofthePrincipleofQulity
1.(凤姐)回头指着贾母素日放钱的一个木匣子便笑着道:
“姨妈瞧瞧,那个里头不知顽了我多少去了。
这一吊钱顽不了半个时辰,那里头的钱就招手儿叫他了。
只等把这一吊也叫进去了,牌也不用斗了,老祖宗的气也平了,又有正经事差我办去了。
”(第47回)
AccordingtoQualityPrinciple,bothsidesoftheconversationmustsaywhattheybelievearetrue.Ifthespeakerintentionallyviolatetherule,then,conversationalimplicaturewillbeproduced.AccordingtoGrice,irony,metaphor,hyperbolebelongtothecategory.Obviously,themoneyinJiamu’s
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