汉语语言与文化复习资料.docx
- 文档编号:4700814
- 上传时间:2022-12-07
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:19
- 大小:47.71KB
汉语语言与文化复习资料.docx
《汉语语言与文化复习资料.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《汉语语言与文化复习资料.docx(19页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
汉语语言与文化复习资料
Review
NatureandCulture
•Nature:
whatisbornandgrowsorganically
•Culture:
theresultofhumaninterventioninthebiologicalprocessofnature.例如:
Beauty→culture→aspecificmeaninghumanimposedontheobjectsinnature
TheLinguisticSign
•sign=mark+concept
•Signifier(能指)red
•Signified(所指)stop
•Lover=情人
•Highschool=高中
•servicestation=加油站
•Restroom=公用厕所,洗手间
•Busboy=餐馆洗碗工
•Goldbrick=懒人
•Busybody=爱管闲事的人
Namesoflegislativeinstitution
Chinese
English
国会
Parliament英国
Congress(美国)
Diet(日本)
Dumas(俄罗斯)
Termstoshowpositionjustbelowthehighestrank
Chinese
English
Examples
副(职)
vice
vice-chairman,vice-president
associate
associateprofessor,associatedirector
assistant
assistantmanager,assistantsecretary
deputy
deputydirector,deputychief-of-staff
lieutenant
Lieutenant[lef'tenənt;lu:
't-]
governor,lieutenantgeneral
under
undersecretary(ofState,U.S.)
Languageandculture:
•Languageexpressesculturalreality.
•(称呼,敬语,谦辞,恭维,委婉,禁忌……)
•Languageembodiesculturalreality.
•(bodylanguage,stylisticdifferences,socialetiquette)
•Languagesymbolizesculturalreality.
•(againstLinguisticandculturalimperialism)
1.Addressing(称呼)
Infamily:
Chinese:
Termsofkinship:
叔叔、婶婶、舅舅、舅妈、伯伯、伯母、姑姑、姑丈
English:
UsenamedirectlyexceptMom,Dad(grandmaandgrandpasometimes).
Auntie/uncle+givenname;
BrotherJim,SisterMarry(inchurch);
嫂子=sister-in-law?
(nottoaddressothers)
Insociallife:
•Chinese:
•Lastname+title:
林经理,黄经理
•Junior/Senior+lastname:
小朱,老李
•English:
•BureauDirectorSmith?
ManagerHuang?
•Doctor-,Judge-,Prof.(-),Mayor,President
•CaptainJohnsonratherthanCompanyCommanderJohnson
•AdmiralBenjaminratherthanFleetCommanderBenjamin
古代女子对丈夫的8个雅称:
•1.良人:
古人妻子称自己的丈夫为良人;丈夫亦称自己的妻子为良人
•2.郎:
为了避免称呼“良人”的不便
•3.郎君:
单音节词有点太甜腻,于是人们就在“郎”字后面加“君”
•4.官人:
宋代,宫廷出现了“官家”这一词,平民百姓中有了“官人”这一说
•5.老爷:
大户人家对老公的尊称
•6.外人:
丈夫对妻子称“内人”,妻子对丈夫称“外人”,外人一词最早出现在宋代
•7.相公:
在京剧、越剧、黄梅戏中经常听到
•8.先生:
近代以来,也有称“丈夫”,用“先生”称“丈夫”,文雅而又带有仰慕尊崇的意思,至今在很多场合还在广泛使用
2.Honorifics(敬语):
•令:
令尊,令堂
•惠:
惠临,惠顾,惠存。
•垂:
垂问,垂询,垂念。
•赐:
赐教,赐膳,赐复(请别人给自己回复)。
•请:
请问,请教。
•高:
高见,高论,高足(徒弟),高寿,高就。
•华:
华翰(信件),华诞,华厦。
•贤:
贤弟、贤侄等。
•奉:
奉送,奉还,奉劝,奉陪。
Englishhonorifics
•IntheEnglishlanguage,anEnglishhonorificisatitleprefixingaperson'sname,e.g.:
Miss,Ms.,Mr,Sir,Mrs,DrandLord.Theyarenotnecessarilytitlesorpositionsthatcanappearwithouttheperson'sname,asinthePresident,theEarl.
•Ontheotherhand,honorificalsomeansComplimentaryClose.
•Usedinpairs:
•“DearSir”or“DearMadam”“Yoursfaithfully”
•“DearMr.Smith”or“DearMrs.Brown”“Yourssincerely”
•“Yourstruly”,“Sincerely(yours)”,“Verytrulyyours”(widelyusedinAmericanEnglish)
•“Yoursaffectionately”,“Yoursrespectfully”areoutofdate.
•Chinesecounterpart:
“谨上”
•“Bestwishes”,“Yoursever”,“love”betweenordinarypeople.
3.self-depreciatoryexpressions∕self-denigrating/self-depreciating(谦辞)
•“家”:
家父、家尊、家严、家君。
•“舍”:
舍弟,舍妹,舍侄,舍亲。
•“小”:
小弟,小儿,小女,小店。
•“老”:
老粗,老朽,老脸,老身。
(敬:
您老,老周)
•“敢”:
敢问,敢请,敢烦。
•“愚”:
愚兄,愚见。
•“拙”:
拙笔,拙著、拙作,拙见。
•“敝”:
敝人,敝姓,敝处,敝校。
•“鄙”:
鄙人,鄙意,鄙见。
•赞人见解说高见
•陪伴朋友说
•请人勿送说
•与人相见说
•仰慕已久说
•向人询问说
•求人办事说
•请改文章说
•得人帮助说
•身体不适说
•送人照片说
•赞人见解说
•自己住家说
•请人谅解说
•迎接客人说
•客人入座说
•中途先走说
•看望别人说
•无暇陪客说
•欢迎购买说
•问人姓氏说
•长期未见说
•请人协助说
•麻烦别人说
•接受好意说
•祝人健康说
•看望别人说
•希望照顾说
•请人赴约说
•需要考虑说
•言行不妥
•宾客来到说
•等候客人说
•归还原主说
•问人住址说
•求人帮忙说
•请人解答说
•求人方便说
•求人指点说
•向人祝贺说
•男子年龄说
•老人年龄说
•女子年龄说
•请人接受说
•送人远行说
•对方来信说
•无法满足说
•慰问他人说
•没能迎接说
•临分别时说
•不敢当——self-depreciatoryexpressioninChinese
•Answertoapolitecomment:
Thankyou.
•Answertoarequestlike“pleasegivemesomeadvice”:
I’llbegladto./I’mhonored,butI’mnotsureI’mtherightperson.
•Answertoapraiselike“you’reoneofthetopscholars(authorities)inthefield.”:
Notreally./I’mflattered.
•Answertoacommentlike“That’samagnificentspeech.Ifounditverystimulating”:
That’sverykindofyoutosayso./Thankyou.
4.Euphemism(委婉语)ofdeath
•passaway去世了
•togowest归西了
•tickthebucket翘辫子
•turnupone’stoes长眠
•togotosleep见阎王
•tobenomore吹灯了
•tocloseone’seyes闭眼
•tolaydownone’slife没了,不在了
•toexpire去见老祖宗
•tobreatheone’slast了结尘缘
•toendone’sday谢世
•topaythedebtofnature长谢,长辞
•Joinone’sancestors大归
•天子死曰“崩”,诸侯曰“薨”,大夫曰“卒”,士曰“不禄”,庶人曰“死”。
《礼记·曲礼下》
•“崩”referstothedeathofemperors;
•“薨”referstothedeathofdukes,princes,princessesorconcubines;
•“卒”referstothedeathofseniorofficials;
•“不禄”referstothedeathofordinaryofficials;
•“死”isusedtodescribethedeathofordinarypeople.
•garbagecollector(垃圾清运工)
•sanitationengineer(公共卫生工程师)
•domestichelp(家政助理)
5.Taboo–Euphemism(禁忌-委婉)
•停尸间太平间
•丧事白喜事
•棺材寿木
•坟墓寿穴
•死人穿的衣服(裹尸布)寿衣
Eoriginatedfromhierarchicaltaboos
嫦娥—姮娥(汉文帝刘恒)
雉鸡-野鸡(吕雉)
玄武门-神武门(康熙-玄烨)
Eoriginatedfromreligioustaboos
“theBigD”=theDevil
“theSavior,Creator,…”=theGod
•即将死亡:
行将就木∕弥留之际
•死亡之后:
百年之后∕千秋之后
•正常死亡:
寿终正寝∕与世长辞
•意外死亡:
山高水低∕三长两短
•帝王之死:
千秋万岁∕宫车晏驾
•平民之死:
命归黄泉∕撒手人寰
•美女之死:
香消玉殒∕珠沉璧碎
•英雄之死:
英勇就义∕为国捐躯
•贤人之死:
哲人其萎∕兰催玉折
Taboo–poor
•“拮据”、“手头紧”、“囊中羞涩”
•“badlyoff(短缺的),lesswelloff(不太宽裕的),indigent(缺少钱物的),downonone’sluck(时运不济),hardupformoney(缺钱),indifficulty(处于困境).
•have-nots(不富有的人),amanofmodestmeans(财产不多的人),negativesaver(积蓄为负值的人)
•negativeincometax(美国对收入低于生活标准的个人或家庭的补助也被称作“税”,即“逆所得税”
•developingcountriesorthethirdworld,lessdevelopedcounties
•money=阿堵物=孔方兄
Taboo–old
•seniorcitizen,peopleinadvancedyears,elderlypeople,thirdage,tofeelone’sage,mature
•“养老院”:
aresthome(休养所),aprivatehospital,anursinghome
Swearwords(脏话):
•Chinese:
TMD
•English:
JesusChrist!
HolyMary!
Sonofabitch!
(moreoffensive)
Damn!
Damnit!
Hell!
6.花卉、颜色、数字、动物
花卉(flowers):
•Rhodora杜鹃花:
InEnglish-----symbolofbeauty.
InChinese---sadness
Daffodils水仙花:
InChineseculture----elegance
InEnglish----asymbolofspringandhappiness.
plumblossom梅花:
Firmandunyielding;Arroganceandpurity
Purefeeling青梅竹马
Remembrance最关情,折尽梅花,难寄相思
颜色(colors):
•红豆=lovepea
•彩霞=redsky
红糖=brownsugar
•红茶=blacktea
•黄道吉日=whiteday
•青一块紫一块=blackandblue
•赤字=redfigure
•眼红=greenwithenvy
•黄色电影=bluemovie
•pinkslip=解雇通知书
•Greenhand=新手
•Outoftheblue=爆出冷门
•Whitehand=廉洁诚实无辜或不从事体力劳动的人
•Blueblood=贵族血统
•Borninthepurple=出身豪门
•blacksheep=败家子
•yellowdog=卑鄙的人
•redbattle=血战
数字(figures):
Chinese
•1thefirst,themostoriginal
•3promotion
•4death
•6smooth
•8makeafortune
•9gookluckandlonglife,imperialthrone(皇位).
Nine:
•Oddnumber:
奇数——阳数
•Evennumber:
偶数——阴数
•Thereare81nails(arrangedinninelineswithninenails)onthegate,symbolizingthesupremesovereigntyoftheemperor.
•(午门,神武门,西华门)
•在中国隐约有13岁流年不利(unluckyyear)的说法。
其实,所谓13岁流年不利,并非来自13这个数字,而是源于本命年这个风俗,人的第一个本命年(recurrentyearinthetwelve-yearcycle)虚岁(nominalage)正好13。
民间流传人逢本命年就由凶煞恶神主管流年,在汉族,本命年会系上红腰带等物。
English
•3---trinity:
theFather,theSon,andtheHolyGhost
•7---goodluck,greatprosperityandvictory:
sevendeadlysins,intheseventhheaven(极其快乐),theSeventhDay
•10---tencommandments
•13---thestoryintheBiblethatJesusChristwasbetrayedbyhis13thdiscipleJudas.What’smoretherewere13stepsingallows,andthekiller’spayis13coins.
以下是《论语》中的一段话:
•Atfifteen,Ihadmymindbentonlearningtruth;atthirty,mywordsdeedswereappropriate;atforty,Iperceivedtruthanddoubtsceased;atfifty,Iunderstoodwhatheavenhadmandatedformankind;atsixty,Icouldcomplywiththeappointmentsofheaven;atseventy,Icoulddoasmyheartdesired,andneverswervedfromthepathofright.
•吾十五有志于学,三十而立,四十而不惑,五十而知天命,六十而耳顺,七十而从心所欲不愈矩。
动物(animals):
•Phoenix:
(英)purityandrevival;(中)godsandspirit,imperialpower,goodluck
•Bat:
(英)evil;(中)happiness
•Owl:
(英)smart,wise,grave;(中)badluck(猫头鹰进宅,好事不来)
•Magpie:
(英)chaosandmess,(中)happiness.
•“Lion”(英)and“tiger”(中)areusedtodescribecourageandbravery.
7.Idioms
•Pig:
eatlikeapig=pigout=狼吞虎咽
•Whenpigfly=太阳打西边出来了
•Thereareplentymorefishinthesea.=天涯何处无芳草
•beatadeadhorse=死马当成活马医
•Crocodiletears=猫哭耗子假慈悲
•toplaceone’sheadinthelion’smouth=“深入虎穴”
•likeanassinalion’shide(狐假虎威)
•alionintheway(拦路虎)
•comeinlikealionandgooutlikealamb(虎头蛇尾)
8.Socialetiquette
TableMannerforWestern-StyleFood
•1.Knifeandspoonareplacedtotherightoftheplate.Theforkisontheleft.
•2.Openthenapkin(餐巾)andplaceitinyourlapbeforestarting.
•3.Taketurnsduringtheconversation.
•4.Thelefthandremainsunderthetableunlessyouuseitintheprocessofcutting.
•5.Knifeandforksetinapositionontheplatelookinglikethehandsofaclockat5:
30meansthatyouarefinished.
Taboosofusingchopsticks
•Don'tinsertchopsticksverticallyintothefood.Chinesepeopledothisonlywhentheyburnincensetosacrificethedead.
•Don'tusechopstickstohitthesideofyourbowlorplatetomakealotofnoise,becauseChinesepeoplethinkonlybeggarswoulddothistobegfood.
•Neverusechopstickstopointatothers.
•Don’twavethemaroundasa conversationalgesture
•Whenyouusechopsticks,don'tstretchoutyourindexfinger,whichwouldberegardedasakindofaccusationtoothers.
•Don’tsucktheendofachopstick.Peoplewillthinkyoulackfamilyeducation.
•Don'tusechopstickstopokeateverydishwithoutknowingwhatyourwant.
BusinessNegotiati
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 汉语 语言 文化 复习资料