Public Art and Planning.docx
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Public Art and Planning.docx
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PublicArtandPlanning
PublicArtandPlanning
ThefollowingpaperwasspecificallycommissionedbyPASWin2008.
∙Planningshapestheplaceswhereweliveandwork.Goodplanningpromotesdevelopmentthatmeetstheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds.
∙Publicartisaprocessofengagingartists’creativeideasinthepublicrealm.
∙AsignificantamountofpublicartinEnglandiscommissionedviatheplanningsystem.
Introduction
Atatimewhenstandardisedapproachestodesignanddevelopmenthavebeenwidespread,itisacknowledgedthatpublicarthasasignificantrolewhencreatingsuccessfulplacesandhelpingtoestablishsuccessfulandvibrantcommunities.Theplanningsystemiscentraltothecontrolofdevelopment,andisincreasinglyconcernedwiththequalityandlonger-termsustainabilityofnewdevelopment.Designhasbecomeamaterialconsideration,notonlyinvisuallysensitiveareas,andplanningauthoritiesareencouragedwithinnationalplanningpolicystatementstoreject‘designwhichfailstotaketheopportunitiesavailableforimprovingthecharacterandqualityofanarea’.
FollowthislinktothePublicArtOnlineNationalPlanningPoliciessection.
DesigningforplaceisakeyobjectiveofadvisorybodiessuchastheCommissionforArchitectureandtheBuiltEnvironment(CABE),andartistshavearoletoplayinrespondingtoaspecificsiteandaddingidentity,distinctiveness,interpretationandrelevance.
Publicartencouragespartnershipbetweenartists,craftspeople,designprofessionals,developersandlocalcommunities.Itcanhelpstimulatethelocaleconomy,creatingemploymentopportunitiesforartists,craftspeople,manufacturersandsuppliers.Insomecasespublicartcanattractadditionalfundingtoascheme,fromgrantgivingbodiesandsponsorship.
Thisguidepromotesarangeofplanningledapproachesforsecuringtheintegrationofpublicart,bothwithinkeydevelopmentschemesandthroughthedeliveryofpublicrealmimprovements.Inaddition,itconsidersthemechanismsandbenefitsofdevelopingstrongpublicartstrategiesforincorporationintolocalauthoritypolicyframeworks.
Writtenfromtheplanningperspectivetheseguidelinesareinthefirstinstanceaimedatplanningofficersandpolicymakerswishingtodevelopbestpracticepublicartaspartofabroaderdesignagenda.Inaddition,itishopedthattheissuescoveredwillofferartists,developersandagentsaninsightintotheprovisionofpublicartthoughtheplanningsystem.
"Publicartisnotanartform.Itisaprinciplewherebytheinvolvementandactivitiesofartistscontributetotheidentity,understanding,appreciation,andenhancementofpublicplaces.
Thisisbestachievedthroughcollaborationwithartistsintheconception,designdevelopmentandimplementationofchangestothebuiltandmanagedenvironment."
MaggieBolt,PASW
In2009IXIAthepublicartthinktankrequestedlegalopinionregardingpublicartandtheplanningsystem,thefindingsofwhichverymuchechotherecommendationssetoutwithinthispaper.
Theopinionreinforcestheassertionthatpublicartisamaterialconsiderationwithintheplanningsystem,howeverinorderrequirepublicartthoughthedevelopmentprocessthatclearlocalplanningpoliciesneedtobeestablishedwithinLocaldevelopmentframeworks.Furthermoretheopinionraisessomeconcernsregardingthegenericapproachofblanketpercentforartandtariffs,asitishardertodemonstratethespecific,andreasonablerelationshiptospecificsitesandtypesofdevelopment.
Assuchtheapproachesoutlinedbelowofidentifyingandprioritisingmajordevelopmentsiteswheretheroleandbenefitsofintegratingapublicartapproachcanbesetout,andwherepublicartinthepublicrealmisconsideredandcostedasabasisforseekingoff-sitecontributions,providethemosteffectivewaysofsecuringpublicartthroughtheplanningsystem.
PublicArtStrategies
Themostsuccessfulstrategiesallowforbeingopportunistic,aswellasplanningaheadtodeliverwellconsideredpriorities. Theywillincludeafocusonkeydevelopmentsitesaspartofmorestrategicguidancerelatedtothedeliveryofbothstandalonepublicartinitiativesandintegratedworkwithinpublicinfrastructuresuchasschools,hospitalsandtransportationsystems.
Localauthoritiesshouldbeclearregardingaspirationsandlocationswherehighqualitydesignisrequiredandhowpublicartisexpectedtocontributetothebuiltenvironment. Localplanningpoliciesshouldprovidecertaintywithregardtowhatisexpectedfromdevelopers,andplanningguidanceshouldestablishcriteriaagainstwhichmajornewdevelopmentsarejudgedorappraisedwithregardtotheintegrationofpublicart.
Atthestrategiclevelitisimportantforauthoritiestosetouttheirspecificapproachtopublicart,highlightinghowtheywillintegrateworkwithintheirowncapitalprojectsaswellastheirexpectationsforothersthroughtheplanningsystem.Theimportanceofleadingbyexampleshouldnotbeunderestimatedincreatingapositivecontextwherelocalcommunitiesvaluethebenefitsofpublicart.
Principlesandobjectivesforpublicartshouldbegivenlocalemphasisandmaderelevanttolocalcircumstancesandexpectations.Localtraditionsandrecentworkshouldbehighlightedinordertolegitimisethewayinwhichexistingpublicartcontributestothedistinctivenessandidentityoflocalareas.
Astrategyshouldestablishconsistentguidelinesforselecting,recruitingandbriefingartists,andensuretheeffectiveandappropriateprojectmanagementsupport,maintenanceandwhereappropriatedecommissioning.
Followthislinkforexamplesofpublicartstrategiesthathavebeenadoptedbylocalauthorities.
Banksy,ParkStreet,Bristol.Photo:
MarkLuck
Streetartorvandalism?
Publicartstrategiescanraisepublicdebateaboutthebenefitsofartinthebuiltenvironment.
LocalDevelopmentFrameworks
Inplanningtermspoliciescarrymoreweightiftheauthorityformallyadoptsthem.Localplanningpoliciesaresetoutwithinaportfolioofdocuments,whichtogetherformtheLocalDevelopmentFramework(LDF);thisreplacestheall-encompassingandslowtoproduceLocalPlans.Thesystemisintendedtoproducebetterpoliciesfordevelopmentthataremoreproactiveandresponsivetolocalneedsandcircumstances.ResponsibilityforproducingLDFsisgiventoUnitaryAuthorities,BoroughandDistrictCouncils.
TheLDFcontainsanumberoftypesofdocumentswhichsetoutdevelopmentpoliciesandproposals,andwhichprovidebothdetailedandsupplementaryguidance.Thesedocumentsarerequiredtobeconsistentandcomplementarytonationalandregionalplanningpolicies,andinparticularthelocationandquantityofnewdevelopmentestablishedthroughtheRegionalSpatialStrategy(RSS).Thereare,however,opportunitiestodevelopafinerlevelofdetailthatrespondsdirectlytolocalissuesandcovermorespecificaspectsofthedesignagenda.
ArangeofpublicartissuescanbecoveredwithinLDFs,fromprinciplestosupportcreativedesignapproachestomoredetailedsitebriefsandguidance.EachindividualdocumentisapprovedbytheSecretaryofStatefollowingaprescribedprocessofcommunityconsultation.Themaindocumentsinclude:
∙TheCoreStrategyisthekeydocument,whichsetsoutthebroadobjectivesforthearea.TypicallyaCoreStrategywilldefinethemainareasofdevelopmentpriority,ananalysisoftheareasmaincharacteristicsandstrategicpoliciescoveringinfrastructurerequirements,theuseoflandandstandardsofdesignquality.WithregardtopublicartitisusefulforCoreStrategiestoincludeacommitmenttoachievingpublicarttosupportbothaestheticandculturalstandardswithinthelocalarea.
∙AreaActionPlans(AAP)provideadetailedframeworkforareaswheresignificantchangeorconservationisneededandfocusonthedeliveryofdevelopmentobjectives.Themainpurposeistoensurethatdevelopmentisofanappropriatescale,mixandquality.Herespecificsitesforlandmarkbuildingsorpublicrealmimprovementscanbehighlightedingreaterdetailalongwithaspirationsfortheintegrationofpublicart.
∙GenericDevelopmentControlPoliciesaresetouttoprovideanadditionalandlimitedsetofpoliciestoguidedecisionsonplanningapplications.Thesecanincludedetailedrequirementsforpublicartprovision,suchasthescaleofdevelopmentwhereplanningobligationsrequiringpublicartwillbeexpected.
SupplementaryPlanningDocuments(SPD)donotcarrythelegalweightofDevelopmentPlanDocumentsbutareproducedtoelaborateonspecificpoliciesandproposals,andaretakenintoaccountwhenassessingplanningapplications.SPDarenotsubjecttoSecretaryofStateapprovalbutaresubjecttocommunityconsultation.ExamplesofSPDwouldincludeindividualsitebriefsortopic-basedguidanceonissuessuchasaffordablehousing,orpublicart.
AnotherformofSPDmightbetheincreasinglycommondrawingupofdesigncodesforanareaorlargerdevelopmentscheme.Thereissomedebateastothedrawingupofcodesandwhethertheysitcomfortablywiththeconceptofartistsdeliveringinterpretivework,withinwhataresometimesregardedasstrictdesignrulesandconstraints.InsuchcircumstancesitisusefultolookattheexperienceandconclusionsfromtheUSwheredesigncodesaremoreestablishedasaplanningtool.RespondingtothesuccessofcodesinGaithersburg,Maryland,commentatorMikeWatkinsconcludes:
“Codeonlywhatmattersthenhiregoodarchitects.Surprisinglylittleisessentialtocodemostgreatplaces.Asthelistofrulesgrowsinanefforttooutlawkitsch,
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