考博英语模拟试题与答案详解.docx
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考博英语模拟试题与答案详解.docx
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考博英语模拟试题与答案详解
考博英语模拟试题
PartIListeningComprehension(15points)(略)
PartIIReadingComprehension(40%)
Directions:
Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachorthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandthenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.
Questions16to20arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
Eighttimeswithinthepastmillionyears,somethingintheEarth'sclimaticequationhaschanged,allowingsnowinthemountainsandthenorthernlatitudestoaccumulatefromoneseasontothenextinsteadofmeltingaway.Eachtime,theenormousicesheetsresultingfromthiscontinualbuilduplastedtensofthousandsofyearsuntiltheendofeachparticularglacialcyclebroughtawarmerclimate.Scientistsspeculatedthattheseglacialcycleswereultimatelydrivenbyastronomicalfactor:
slow,cyclicchangesintheeccentricityoftheEarth'sorbitandinthetiltandorientationofitsspinaxis.Butupuntilaround30yearsago,thelackofanindependentrecordofice-agetimingmadethehypothesisuntreatable.
Thenintheearly1950'sEmirianproducedthefirstcompleterecordofthewaxwingsandawningsoffirstglaciations.Itcamefromaseeminglyoddplace,theseafloor.Single-cellmarineorganismscalled"foraminifera''housethemselvesinshellsmadefromcalciumcarbonate.Whentheforaminiferadie,sinktothebottom,andbecomepartofseafloorsediments,thecarbonateoftheirshellspreservescertaincharacteristicsoftheseawatertheyinhabited.Inparticular,theratioofaheavyisotopeofoxygen(oxygen-18)toordinaryoxygen(oxygen-16)inthecarbonatepreservestheratioofthetwooxygen’sinwatermolecules.
Itisnowunderstoodthattheratioofoxygenisotopesreflectstheproportionoftheworld'swaterlockedupinglaciersandicesheets.Akindofmeteorologicaldistillationaccountsforthelink.Watermoleculescontainingtheheavierisotopetendtocondenseandfallasprecipitationslightlysoonerthanmoleculescontainingthelighterisotope.Hence,aswatervaporevaporatedfromwarmoceansmovesawayfromitssource,itsoxygen-18returnsmorequicklytotheoceansthandoesitsoxygen-16.Whatfallsassnowondistanticesheetsandmountainglaciersisrelativelydepletedofoxygen-18.Astheoxygen-18-pooricebuildsup,theoceansbecomerelativelyenrichedintheisotope.Thelargertheicesheetsgrow,thehighertheproportionofoxygen-18becomesinseawater--andhenceinthesediments
Analyzingcoresdrilledfromseafloorsediments,MililanifoundthattheisotopicratioroseandfellinroughaccordwiththeEarth'sastronomicalcycles.Sincethatpioneeringobservation,oxygenisotopemeasurementshavebeenmadeonhundredsofcores.Thecombinedrecordenablesscientiststoshowthattherecordcontainstheveryperiodicitiesastheorbitalprocesses.Overthepast800,000years,theglobalicevolumepeakedevery100,000years,matchingtheperiodoftheorbitaleccentricityvariation.Inaddition,"wrinkles"superposedoneachcycle--smalldecreasesorsurgesinicevolume--havecomeatintervalsofroughly23,000and41,000years,inkeepingwiththeprecessionandtiltfrequenciesoftheEarth'sspinaxis.
16.Inopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicby________
A.unfoldingaphenomenon.B.posingacontrast.
C.refutingaspeculation.D.testifyingahypothesis.
17.Theexpression"waxingsandwanings"(Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans________
A.regularitiesandeccentricities.B.vaporizationsandsediments.
C.variantsandconstants.D.maximizationsanminimizations.
18.Aspointedoutinthetext,theratioofoxygen-18tooxygen-16inseafloorsedimentsandthatoftheseisotopeslockedinglaciersandice-sheetsare________
A.irrelevant.B.correlated.C.corresponding.D.identical.
19.Single-cellmarineorganismsreferredtoas"foraminifera"asmentionedinthetextmightserveas_________
A.aproofagainsttheexistenceofoxygen.
B.atestimonytosedimentformationprocesses.
C.avalidrecordjustifyingglacialperiodiccycles.
D.anindicatoroftheratioofthetwooxygen’s.
20.Whatcanwesafelyinferfromthetext?
A.Manyaphenomenonmightbecausedbyastronomicalfactors.
B.Anyhypothesisshouldbeabandonedunlesssupportedbysolidrecords.
C.GlaciersaretherecordskeepingEarth'sastronomicalcycles.
D.Oxygenisotopesareevenlydistributedthroughouttheearthsurface.
Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
Ifyousmokeandyoustilldon'tbelievethatthere'sadefinitebetweensmokingandbronchialtroubles,heartdiseaseandlungcancer,thenyouarecertainlydeceivingyourself.Noonewillaccuseyouofhypocrisy.Letusjustsaythatyouaresufferingfromabadcaseofwishfulthinking.Thisneedn'tmakeyoutoouncomfortablebecauseyouareingoodcompany.Wheneverthesubjectofsmokingandhealthisraised,thegovernmentsofmostcountrieshearnoevil,seenoevilandsmellnoevil.Admittedly,afewgovernmentshavetakentimidmeasures.InBritain,forexample,cigaretteadvertisinghasbeenbannedontelevision.Theconscienceofthenationisappeased,whilethepopulationcontinuestopuffitswaytosmoky,cancerousdeath.
Youdon'thavetolookveryfartofindoutwhytheofficialreactionstomedicalfindingshavebeensolukewarm.Theanswerissimplymoney.Tobaccoisawonderfulcommoditytotax.It'salmostlikeataxonourdailybread.Intaxrevenuealone,thegovernmentofBritaincollectsenoughfromsmokerstopayforitsentireeducationalfacilities.Sowhiletheauthoritiespointouteversodiscreetlythatsmokingmay,conceivably,beharmful,itdoesn'tdotoshouttooloudlyaboutit.
Thisissurelythemostshort-sightedpolicyyoucouldimagine.Whilemoneyiseagerlycollectedinvastsumswithonehand,itispaidoutinincreasinglyvastersumswiththeother.Enormousamountsarespentoncancerresearchandoneffortstocurepeoplesufferingfromthedisease.Countlessvaluablelivesarelost.Inthelongrun,thereisnodoubtthateverybodywouldbemuchbetter-offifsmokingwerebannedaltogether.
Ofcourse,wearenotreadyforsuchdrasticaction.Butifthegovernmentsoftheworldwerehonestlyconcernedaboutthewelfareoftheirpeoples,you'dthinkthey'dconductaggressiveantismokingcampaigns.Farfromit!
Thetobaccoindustryisallowedtospendstaggeringsumsonadvertising.Itsadvertisingisasinsidiousasitisdishonest.Wearenevershownpicturesofrealsmokerscoughinguptheirlungsearlyinthemorning.Thatwouldneverdo.Theadvertisementsalwaysdepictvirile,clean-shavenyoungmen.Theysuggestitismanlytosmoke,evenpositivelyhealthy!
Smokingisassociatedwiththegreatopen-airlife,withbeautifulgirls,trueloveandtogetherness.Whatutternonsense!
Forastart,governments,couldbeginbybanningallcigaretteandtobaccoadvertisingandshouldthenconductanti-smokingadvertisingcampaignsoftheirown.Smokingshouldbebannedinallpublicplacesliketheatres,cinemasandrestaurants.Greateffortsshouldbemadetoinformyoungpeopleespeciallyofthedireconsequencesoftakingupthehabit.Ahorrificwarning--say,apictureofadeath'shead--shouldbeincludedineverypacketofcigarettesthatissold.Asindividualswearecertainlyweak,butifgovernmentsactedhonestlyandcourageously,theycouldprotectusfromourselves.
21.Thebesttitleofthetextmaybe_______
A.giveupthehabitofsmokingimmediately.
B.wordgovernmentsshouldconductseriouscampaignsagainstsmoking.
C.goonwithanti-smokinglobbyvigorously.
D.worldgovernmentsshouldallocatemorefundsoncancerresearches.
22.Aspointedoutinthetext,governmentsarereluctanttoexercisetotalbanoncigaretteandtobaccoadvertising_____
A.intheinterestsoffinancialrewards.B.forthesakeofthepublic'swelfare.
C.withoutregardtotaxcollections.D.inanticipationofsmokerslobbying.
23.Theword"hypocrisy"(Paragraph2)denotes______
A.dishonesty.B.predicament.C.indecision.D.intimidation.
24.Itcanbeconcludedthatanti-smokingcampaignsshouldbeconducted_______
A.insidiouslyanddiscreetly.B.vividlyandattractively.
C.aggressivelyanddrastically.D.disinterestedlyandbravely.
25.Theauthorismostcriticalof________
A.anti-smokinglobbyists.B.tobaccoadvertisers.
C.worldgovernments.D.taxcollectors.
Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
Itisthestaffofdreamsandnightmares.WhereTonyBlair'sattemptstomakeBritainlovetheEurohavefallenondeafears,itsincarnationasnotesandcoinswillsucceed.ThesewillbeusednotjustintheEuroareabutinBritain.AstheBritishbecomeaccustomedtotheEuroasacashcurrency,theywillwarmtoitpavingthewayforayesnoteinareferendum.
TheideaofEurocreepappealstobothsidesoftheEuroargument.Accordingtothepros,asBritonsbecomefamiliarwiththeEuro,membershipwillstarttolookinevitable,sothoseinfavorareboundtowin.Accordingtotheantis,asBritonsbecomefamiliarwiththeEuro,membershipwillstarttolookinevitable,sothoseopposedmustmobilizeforthefight.
Dreamornightmare,EurocreepenvisagesthesinglecurrencywormingitswayfirstintotheBritisheconomyandthenintotheaffectionsofvoters.BritishtouristswillcomebackfromtheirEuropeanholidaysladenwithEuros,whichtheywillspendnotjustatairportsbutinhighstreetshops.So,too,willforeignvisitors.AstheEarnbecomesaparallelcurrency,thosewhomakeupthecurrenttwo-o-onemajority
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