精品文档英语修辞手法.docx
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精品文档英语修辞手法.docx
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精品文档英语修辞手法
FiguresofSpeech/RhetoricalDevices
I.Introduction
Byfiguresofspeechwereferheretothoserhetoricaldevicestermedtropesinclassicalrhetoric.Tropeshavetodowiththewaywordsaremadetomeanotherthanwhattheywouldnormallyimply,andthereforeinvolvedeviationfromtheordinaryandliteralmeaningofwords.Theyarewaysofmakingourlanguagefigurative.
Aknowledgeofthefigures,andofhowtheyarebestusedwillbeofhelptousnotonlyindeepeningourunderstandingofwhatweread,butalsoinappreciatingmorefullythefinerpointsofawriter’sstyle.Intheprocess,wemightevenlearntowritebetterourselves.
Thenumberoffiguresrangedfrom65to200inclassicaltimes.Wewillonlychoosethosethatareofmostuniversalappeal,andofthegreatestpracticalvalue.
II.Simileandmetaphor
1.simile:
Itisacomparisonbetweentwodistinctivelydifferentthingsandthecomparisonisindicatedbythewordas,like,asif,than.Asimileismadeupofthreeparts,thetenor,thevehicle,andtheindicatorofresemblanceorsimilemarker.
Asimileisafigureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristicincommon.Thecomparisonispurelyimaginative,thatis,theresemblancebetweenthetwounlikethingsinthatoneparticularaspectexistsonlyinourminds,inour“inwardeye”andnotinthenatureofthethingsthemselves.Tomakethecomparison,wordslikeas,as…as,as…so,like,asif,asthough,similarto,tobeararesemblanceto,andcomparativestructure,prepositionalphrases,andothercollocationsareusedtotransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother.Sometimestheassociationisbetweenunfamiliarandfamiliarthings,orbetweenabstractandconcreteimages.Thestrongertheassociationthatisfelt,thegreatertheforceofthecomparison,thestrongerthepowerofsuggestionandthesharpertheimageproduced.
1)like
a.Andthenthewhiningschoolboy,withhissatchelandshiningmorningface,creepinglikesnailunwillinglytoschool…(Shakespeare)
b.Hewaslikeacockwhothoughtthesunhadrisenforhimtocrow.
c.Recordsfelllikeripeapplesonawindyday.
d.Motherwasshortandplumpandpretty.Hereyeswereblue,andherbrownhairwaslikeabird’ssmoothwings…
e.Habitmaybelikenedtoacable;everydayweweaveathread,andsoonwecannotbreakit.
2)as
a.Menfeardeath,aschildrenfeartogointhedark:
andasthatnaturalfearinchildrenisincreasedwithtales,soistheother.
b.Asthelioniskingofbeasts,soistheeaglekingofbirds.
3)asif,asthough
a.Shespokehurriedly,asifherhearthadleapedintoherthroatattheboy’swords.
b.HewasabeautifulhorsethatlookedasthoughhehadcomeoutofapaintingbyVelasquez.
4)what
a.Readingistothemindwhatexerciseistothebody.
b.Whatsaltistofood,thatwitandhumouraretoconversationandliterature.
5)than
a.Hehasnomoreideaofmoneythanacow.
b.Ahomewithoutloveisnomorethanabodywithoutasoul.
6)and
a.Awordandastoneletgocannotberecalled.
b.Loveandcoughcannotbehid.
7)with
a.Withthequicknessofalongcat,sheclimbedupintothenestofcool-bladedfoliage.
2.metaphor:
Itistheuseofawordwhichoriginallydenotesonethingtorefertoanotherwithasimilarquality.Itisalsoacomparisonbetweentwodistinctivelydifferentthings,butthecomparisonisimplied,notexpressedwiththewordasorlike.MetaphorisalsocalledCondensedSimile.Metaphorsareusednotonlyafterverbtobe,andnotonlynounscanbeusedmetaphorically,adjectives,adverbs,verbscanalsobeusedmetaphorically.
1)n.
a.Theparksarethelungsofourcity.
b.Moneyisalensinacamera.
2)v.
a.ApplicationsforjobsfloodedtheEmploymentAgency.
3)adj.
a.Themountainouswavesswalloweduptheship.
4)ofphrase
thebridgeoffriendship,thevalleyofdespair,aflowerofagirl
III.Analogy,allegory,metonymy,synecdocheandallusion
1.analogy
Itisalsoaformofcomparison,butunlikesimileormetaphor,whichusuallyconcentratesononepointofresemblance,analogydrawsaparallelbetweentwounlikethingsthathaveseveralcommonqualitiesorpointsofresemblance.Analogyischieflyusedforthepurposeofpersuasionorfortheexplanationorexpositionofanidea.Analogycouldbeasimileorametaphor,itisacombinationofdifferentfigurativeusages.
a.“Thechess-boardistheworld;thepiecesarethephenomenaoftheuniverse;therulesofthegamearewhatwecallthelawsofNature.Theplayerontheothersideishiddenfromus.…”
b.It’swithourjudgmentsaswithourwatches;nonegojustalike,yeteachbelieveshisown.
c.Judiciouspraiseistochildrenwhatthesunistoflowers.
d.Theinspirationforastoryislike“apullontheline…theoutsidesignalthathasstartledormovedthecreativemindtocomplicityandbroughtthestorytoactivebeing…”
Analogylookslikesimileinform,butthedifferenceis:
analogyprovidethereasonforthedifferenceswhilesimileandmetaphorremainunexplained.
2.allegory:
Itisamilderfigurativeusethanmetaphor,itappliesconcreteimagestoillustrateabstractnotions,itleadsthereaderstogettothenatureofthingsorprofoundconceptsthroughconcreteimagesandeasyfacts.
a.Norosewithoutathorn.
b.It’stimetoturnswordsintoploughs.
Namesofbooks:
Pilgrim’sProgress;AnimalFarm
Manyallegoriescomefromclassicalmyths,someEnglishproverbsandidiomsaregoodexamplesofallegory.
Allthatglistersisnotgold.(fromTheMerchantofVenice)
3.metonymy:
Itissubstitutingthenameofonethingforthatofanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated.Therearefourkinds:
1)thecontainerforthingscontained(bottleforwine,kettleforwater,potforsoup)
a.Thekettleisboiling.
2)theinstrumentfortheagent(pen—writing,gun/sword—fighting)
a.Thepenisstrongerthanthesword.
3)thesign(cradle—childhood,crown—king,throne—king)
a.Hemusthavebeenspoiltfromthecradle.
b.Thegreyhairshouldberespected.
c.Whatislearnedinthecradleiscarriedtothegrave.
d.Havingfinishedthelawschool,hewascalledtotheBar.
e.Shehastheeyeforthefairandthebeautiful.
4)others
Journalistsoftenusemetonymytorefertoallkindsofpeopleorthings.Itisverybriefandhumorous.
a.Romeo:
lover
b.Helen:
beautifulwoman
c.JohnBull:
England/theEnglishpeople
d.DowningStreet:
theBritishgovernment/cabinet
e.ThePentagon:
theU.S.militaryestablishment
f.Bigapple:
NewYork
4.synecdoche:
Whenapartissubstitutedforthewholeorthewholeissubstitutedforapart,synecdocheisapplied.(hand—man,bread—food,creature—woman)
a.Morehands(workingmen)areneededatthemoment.
b.Wehaddinnerattendollarsahead(eachperson).
c.Alltheplantsinthecoldcountryareturninggreeninthissmilingyear(thespring).
5.allusion:
Itisabriefreferencetoaperson,place,phrase,oreventdrawnfromhistoryorliterature.Allusionsareeffectivenotbecauseofthemeaningofthewordsthemselvesbutbecauseoftheassociationsorconnotationsthatallusivewordscarryfortheintelligentreader.Theuseofallusionallowspoetstoreinforceanargumentbyillustration,tocompresscomplexideasintobriefphrases,andtosuggestthoughtstheymaynotwishtostatedirectly.Namesarethemostcommonformsofallusionandtheeasiesttoidentity.Therearedifferentsourcesofallusions,likenurseryrhymes,fairytales,myths,legends,fablesandliteraryworks,etc.
a.Cinderella:
prettygirl,mistreatedbystepmotherbuthelpedbyfairygodmothertowinherPrinceCharming:
arags-to-richestheme.
b.“OpenSesame”:
codewordtothetreasurecaveinstoryofAliBabaandtheFortyThieves;thekeytohiddentreasures,knowledge,etc.
c.SourGrapes:
afoxcalledthegrapesitcouldn’treachsour.Whenwecan’tgetwhatwewant,weoftendisparageit.
d.NoahandhisArk
e.Solomon:
awiseman,whocanjudgebetweenrightandwrong,trueandfalse.
f.Judas:
thedisciplewhobetrayedChristtohisenemiesfor30piecesofsilver.
★Exercises:
Identifythefiguresofspeechinthefollowingsentences:
a.Inriversthewaterthatyoutouchisthelastofthathaspassedandthefirstofthatwhichcomes:
sowithtimepresent.(analogy)
b.Greecewasthecradleofwesternculture.(metaphor)
c.Laughandtheworldlaughswithyou;weepandyouweepalone.(allegory)
d.Thecityhasitphilharmonicbutalsoitspoverty.(metonymy)
e.ItookalastdrowninglookatthetitleasIgavethebookintoherhand.(metaphor)
f.Hewaslikeacockwhothoughtthesunhadrisentohearhimcrow.(simile—thesuggestionofoverwhelmingconceitintheman)
g.Thenhecutmeopenandtookouttheappendixandstitchedmeupagain.(synecdoche—cuthisabdomenopen)
IV.Personification,zoosemyandonomatopoeia
1.personification:
Itistotreatathing(includingananimal)oranideaasifitwerehumanorhadhumanqualities.Itisalsoakindoffigurativeusage,esp.ametaphor.
a.Thesunkissedthegreenfields.
b.Theyouthweresinging,laughingandplayingthemusicinstruments.Thetreesandflowersaroundthemdancedheartilyasiftouchbymerrymood.
c.Thelittlegoatwassofussythatheoftencriedforwolf.
d.Deathfeedsonhismutevoice,andlaughsatourdespair.
2.zoosemy:
Itistotreatapersonasathing(includingananimal,plant,lifelessthing,abstractnotion,etc.).
a.Hisspoiltchildrenareill-gottengoodsthat’llneverprosper.
b.“Aluckydogyouare!
”exclaimedJim.
c.Childrenareflowersofourcountry.
d.O,myloveislikea
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