语言学教程第四版答案.docx
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语言学教程第四版答案.docx
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语言学教程第四版答案
语言学教程第四版答案
【篇一:
《语言学教程》测试题答案】
xt>i.
1~5baccc6~10bacac
ii.11~15fftff16~20fffff
iii.
21.verbal22.productivity/creativity23.metalingualfunction24.yo-he-ho
25.scientific26.descriptive27.speech28.diachroniclinguistic
29.langue30.competence
iv.
31.designfeature:
itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifference
betweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.
32.displacement:
itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsand
concepts,whicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.
33.competence:
itisanessentialpartofperformance.itisthespeaker’sknowledgeofhisorher
language;thatis,ofitssoundstructure,itswords,anditsgrammaticalrules.competenceis,inaway,anencyclopediaoflanguage.moreover,theknowledgeinvolvedincompetenceisgenerallyunconscious.
atransformational-generativegrammarisamodelofcompetence.
34.synchroniclinguistics:
itreferstothestudyofalanguageatagivenpointintime.thetime
studiedmaybeeitherthepresentoraparticularpointinthepast;synchronicanalysescanalsobemadeofdeadlanguages,suchaslatin.synchroniclinguisticsiscontrastedwithdiachroniclinguistics,thestudyofalanguageoveraperiodoftime.
v.
35.dualitymakesourlanguageproductive.alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedoutofa
smallnumberofelements–forinstance,tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds,
around48inthecaseoftheenglishlanguage.andoutofthehugenumberofwords,therecanbe
astronomicalnumberofpossiblesentencesandphrases,whichinturncancombinetoform
unlimitednumberoftexts.mostanimalcommunicationsystemsdonothavethisdesignfeatureof
humanlanguage.
iflanguagehasnosuchdesignfeature,thenitwillbelikeanimalcommunicationalsystemwhich
willbehighlylimited.itcannotproduceaverylargenumberofsoundcombinations,e.g.words,
whicharedistinctinmeaning.
36.itisdifficulttodefinelanguage,asitissuchageneraltermthatcoverstoomanythings.thus,
definitionsforitallhavetheirownspecialemphasis,andarenottotallyfreefromlimitations.
vi.
37.itshouldbeguidedbythefourprinciplesofscience:
exhaustiveness,consistency,economyand
objectivityandfollowthescientificprocedure:
formhypothesis–collectdata–checkagainstthe
observablefacts–cometoaconclusion.
第二章:
语音参考答案
i
1~5acdaa6~10dbabb
ii.11~15tttff16~20tttff
iii.
21.voiced,voiceless,voiced22.friction23.tongue24.height
25.obstruction26.minimalpairs27.diphthongs28.co-articulation
29.phonemes30.airstream
iv.
31.soundassimilation:
speechsoundsseldomoccurinisolation.inconnectedspeech,undertheinfluence
oftheirneighbors,arereplacedbyothersounds.sometimestwoneighboringsoundsinfluenceeach
otherandarereplacedbyathirdsoundwhichisdifferentfrombothoriginalsounds.thisprocessiscalledsoundassimilation.
32.suprasegmentalfeature:
thephoneticfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalled
suprasegmentalfeatures;thesearethephonologicalpropertiesofsuchunitsasthesyllable,theword,andthesentence.themainsuprasegmentalonesincludesstress,intonation,andtone.
33.complementarydistribution:
thedifferentallophonesofthesamephonemeneveroccurinthesame
phoneticcontext.whentwoormoreallophonesofonephonemeneveroccurinthesamelinguisticenvironmenttheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.
34.distinctivefeatures:
itreferstothefeaturesthatcandistinguishonephonemefromanother.ifwecan
groupthephonemesintotwocategories:
onewiththisfeatureandtheotherwithout,thisfeatureiscalledadistinctivefeature.
v.
35.acousticphoneticsdealswiththetransmissionofspeechsoundsthroughtheair.whenaspeechsound
isproduceditcausesminorairdisturbances(soundwaves).variousinstrumentsareusedtomeasurethecharacteristicsofthesesoundwaves.
36.whenthevocalcordsarespreadapart,theairfromthelungspassesbetweenthemunimpeded.sounds
producedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiceless;consonants[p,s,t]areproducedinthisway.butwhenthevocalcordsaredrawntogether,theairfromthelungsrepeatedlypushesthemapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationeffect.soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiced.[b,z,d]arevoicedconsonants.
vi.37.omit.
第三章:
词汇参考答案
i
1~5aacbb6~10bcadb
ii.11~15ftftt16~20ftfff
iii.
21.initialism,acronym22.vocabulary23.solid,hyphenated,open24.morpheme
25.close,open26.back-formation27.conversion28.morpheme
29.derivative,compound30.affix,boundroot
iv.
31.blending:
itisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthe
meaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms,likenewscast(news+broadcast),brunch(breakfast+lunch)
32.allomorph:
itisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoining
sounds.
33.close-classword:
itisawordwhosemembershipisfixedorlimited.pronouns,prepositions,
conjunctions,articles,etc.areallclosed-classwords.
34.morphologicalrule:
itistherulethatgovernswhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofbasetoform
anewword,e.g.–lycanbeaddedtoanountoformanadjective.
vi.
37.
(1)c
(2)a(3)e(4)d(5)b
第四章:
句法参考答案
i
1~5dcddd6~10addba
ii.11~15ttttf16~20ftftt
iii.
21.simple22.sentence23.subject24.predicate
25.complex26.embedded27.open28.adjacency
29.parameters30.case
iv.
31.syntax:
syntaxreferstotherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesina
language,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.
32.icanalysis:
immediateconstituentanalysis,icanalysisforshort,referstotheanalysisofasentencein
termsofitsimmediateconstituents–wordgroups(phrases),whichareinturnanalyzedintothe
immediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimatesakeofconvenience.
33.hierarchicalstructure:
itisthesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsand
showsthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituent,suchasnp,vpandpp.
34.tracetheory:
afterthemovementofanelementinasentencetherewillbeatraceleftintheoriginal
position.thisisthenotiontraceint-ggrammar.it’ssuggestedthatifwehavethenotiontrace,allthenecessaryinformationforsemanticinterpretationmaycomefromthesurfacestructure.e.g.the
passivedamsarebuiltbybeavers.differsfromtheactivebeaversbuiltdams.inimplyingthatalldamsarebuiltbybeavers.ifweaddatraceelementrepresentedbythelettertafterbuiltinthepassiveasdamsarebuilttbybeavers,thenthedeepstructureinformationthattheworddamswasoriginallytheobjectofbuiltisalsocapturedbythesurfacestructure.tracetheoryprovestobenotonlytheoreticallysignificantbutalsoempiricallyvalid.
v.
35.anendocentricconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent,orapproaching
equivalence,tooneofitsconstituents,whichservesasthecenter,orhead,ofthewhole.atypical
exampleisthethreesmallchildrenwithchildrenasitshead.theexocentricconstruction,oppositetothefirsttype,isdefinednegativelyasaconstructionwhosedistributionisnotfunctionallyequivalenttoanyofitsconstituents.prepositionalphrasallikeontheshelfaretypicalexamplesofthistype.
36.
(1)more|beautifulflowers
(2)morebeautiful|flowers
第五章:
意义参考答案
i
1~5abddb6~10cacda
ii.11~15fftft16~20tfttt
iii.
21.semantics22.direct23.reference24.synonyms25.homophones
26.relational27.componential28.selectional29.argument30.naming
iv.
31.entailment:
itisbasicallyasemanticrelation(orlogicalimplication),anditcanbeclarifiedwith
thefollowingsentences:
a.tomdivorcedjane.
b.janewastom’swife.
intermsoftruthvalue,thefollowingrelationshipsexistbetweenthesetwosentences:
whenaistrue,
bmustbealsotrue;whenbisfalse,amustalsobefalse.whenbistrue,amaybetrueorfalse.
thereforewecansayaentailsb.
32.proposition:
itistheresultoftheabstractionofsentences,whicharedescriptionsofstatesofaffairsand
whichsomewritersseeasabasicelementofsentencemeaning.forexample,thetwosentences
“caesarinvadedgaul”and“gaulwasinvadedbycaesar”holdthesameproposition.
33.compositionalanalysis:
itdefinesthemeaningofalexicalelementintermsofsemanticcomponents,or
semanticfeatures.forexample,themeaningofthewordboymaybeanalyzedintothreecomponents:
human,youngandmale.similarlygirlmaybeanalyzedintohuman,youngand
female.
34.reference:
itiswhatalinguisticformreferstointherealworld;itisamatteroftherelationship
betweentheformandthereality.
v.
35.hyponymy,metonymyorpart-wholerelationship
36.(omit.)
vi.
37.
(1)the(a)wordsand(b)wordsaremale.
the(a)wordsarehuman,whilethe(b)wordsarenon-human.
(2)the(a)wordsand(b)wordsareinanimate.
the(a)wordsareinstrumental,whilethe(b)wordsareedible.
(3)the(a)wordsand(b)wordsareworldlyorconceptual.
the(a)wordsarematerial,whilethe(b)wordsarespiritual.
第七章:
语言、文化和社会参考答案
i
1~5bcaac6~10dacad
ii.11~15ftfff16~20tftff
iii.
21.community22.var
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