微机原理课件ch01英文.ppt
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微机原理课件ch01英文.ppt
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Chapter1IntroductiontotheMicroprocessorandComputer,Instructor:
Dr.ShenR13701999805电信楼644室,Description,ThiscoursecoversIntel80x86assemblylanguageArchitectureoftheIntelmicroprocessorsHardwareconfigurationandcontrolofCommonmicroprocessorsupportedchips,i.e.Interruptcontroller,popularIOdevicesInterfacingdesignforrealsystem,2022/10/10,第2页,Outline,AhistoricalbackgroundThenumbersystemsComputerdataformatsThemicroprocessorbasedPCsystem,2022/10/10,第3页,MicroComputer,纵观计算机技术50多年的发展历程,由于电子元器件的飞速发展,计算机性能得到了极大提高,其体积大大缩小,应用越来越普及。
20世纪70年代末期8位机开始走向16位机。
20世纪80年代,微机进入32位机的发展阶段。
微机这一高科技领域的产品已触及到社会的各个角落。
20世纪90年代,微机进入64位机的发展阶段21世纪初,逐步迈进64位计算时代Intel的发展历史见证了微处理器的发展历史。
2022/10/10,第4页,1.1微型计算机发展,表1.1计算机发展的四个阶段,1.1微型计算机发展,表1.1计算机发展的四个阶段,BackgroundtheMechanicalAge,AbacusMechanicalcaculatortheearliestcomputingmachineChineseBabylonian,2022/10/10,第7页,BackgroundtheMechanicalAge,PascalarithmeticmachineGears(10teeth)andwheels10teethpergearforonecompleterevolutionThePASCALlanguage,2022/10/10,第8页,BackgroundtheMechanicalAge,CalculatorComputerNotforcalculatingonlyComputenumericalfactswithaprogram!
1937,BabbageAnalyticalEngineMechanicalcomputer100020-digitaldecimalnumberAvariableprogramforvarioustasksPunchedcardsinputmode,ideafromJacquard,2022/10/10,第9页,BackgroundtheElectricalAge,TheautomationageComputingwithmotor-drivenmechanicalmachine1889,HermanHollerithPunchedcardsstorageFormedtheTabulatingMachineCompanyIBMFirstelectroniccalculatingmachineZ1,1941,KonradZuseZ3Relaylogicmachine5.33Hz,2022/10/10,第10页,BackgroundtheElectricalAge,Thefirstelectroniccomputer1943,AlanTuringCodebreakerNotprogrammableSpecial-purposecomputer,2022/10/10,第11页,BackgroundtheElectricalAge,Thefirstgeneralpurpose,programmableelectroniccomputersystemMooreSchool,Univ.ofPennsylvania1946,ENIAC(ElectronicNumericalIntegratorandCalculator)17000vacuumtubes500milesofwires30tons24m*6m*2.5m100000operationspersecondProgrammable,2022/10/10,第12页,IntegratedCircuits(IC),ThefirstTransistor1948,JohnBardeen,WalterBrattain,WilliamSchockleyThefirstIC1958,JackKilby,2022/10/10,第13页,BackgroundtheMicroprocessorAge,Intel4004(1970)4-bitmicroprocessor.4KBmainmemory.45instructions.P-ChannelMOStechnology.50KIPS(kilo-Instructionspersecond)740KHzComparedtoENIAC100KIPS30tonsF14CADC(1970)ALU9.15KHz(F14熊猫战斗机主控芯片)Militarysecrets,opentopublicin1998,2022/10/10,第14页,BackgroundtheMicroprocessorAge,Intel8008(1971)8-bitversionof4004.16KBmainmemory.48instructions.NMOS6microntechnology.4500transistors,2022/10/10,第15页,BackgroundtheMicroprocessorAge,Intel8080(1973)8-bitmicroprocessor.64KBmainmemory.4.77MHz0.5MIPS(MillionInstructionspersecond).10Xfasterthan8008MITSAltair800,2022/10/10,第16页,AndyGrove,RobertNoyceandGordonMoore,BackgroundtheMicroprocessorAge,Intel8085(1977)8-bitmicroprocessor-upgradedversionofthe8080.64KBmainmemory.1.3microsecondsclockcycletime769,230instructions/sec.246instructions.Intelsoldover100millioncopiesofthis8-bitmicroprocessor.,2022/10/10,第17页,BackgroundtheMicroprocessorAge,Intel8086/8088Modernmicroprocessor.16-bitmicroprocessor.1MBmainmemory.2.5MIPS.4-or6-byteinstructioncache.IBMPCSoftwaredevelopmentSpreadsheet,wordprocess,spelling,2022/10/10,第18页,BackgroundtheMicroprocessorAge,Intel80286(1983)16-bitarchitecturemicroprocessorIdenticaltothe8086.16MBmainmemory.4.0MIPS(250ns/8MHz).Intel80386(1986)32-bitmicroprocessor.4GBmainmemory.12-33MHz.Memorymanagement.,2022/10/10,第19页,BackgroundtheMicroprocessorAge,Intel80486(1989)32-bitmicroprocessor,32-bitdatabusand32-bitaddressbus.4GBmainmemory.20-50MHz.Laterat66and100MHzIncorporatedan80386-likemicroprocessor,80387-likefloatingpointcoprocessorandan8Kbytecacheononepackage.Abouthalfoftheinstructionsexecutedin1clockinsteadof2onthe386.,2022/10/10,第20页,BackgroundtheMicroprocessorAge,IntelPentium(1993)32-bitmicroprocessor,64-bitdatabusand32-bitaddressbus.4GBmainmemory.60,66,90MHz.1-and-1/2100MHzversion.Doubleclocked120and133MHzversions.Fastestversionisthe233MHz(3-and-1/2clockedversion).16KBL1cache(splitinstruction/data:
8KBeach).Memorytransfersat66MHz(insteadof33MHz).Dualintegerprocessors.,2022/10/10,第21页,BackgroundtheMicroprocessorAge,IntelPentiumPro(1995)32-bitmicroprocessor,64-bitdatabusand36-bitaddressbus.64GBmainmemory.Startsat150MHz.16KBL1cache(splitinstruction/data:
8KBeach).256KBL2cache.Memorytransfersat66MHz.3integerprocessors.,2022/10/10,第22页,BackgroundtheMicroprocessorAge,IntelPentiumII(1997)32-bitmicroprocessor,64-bitdatabusand36-bitaddressbus.64GBmainmemory.Startsat266MHz.32KBsplitinstruction/dataL1caches(16KBeach).Moduleintegrated512KBL2cache(133MHz).Memorytransfersat66MHzto100MHz(1998).,2022/10/10,第23页,BackgroundtheMicroprocessorAge,IntelP
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