Shakespeare.docx
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Shakespeare.docx
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Shakespeare
Unit2WilliamShakespeare
作者简介
威廉.莎士比亚(WilliamShakespeare,1564-1616),戏剧家,诗人。
生于艾冯河畔的斯特拉福德,并在那里度过童年和青少年。
1586年左右离开故乡,前往伦敦,在剧场做过一段时间杂活,后来开始参与演出一些不太重要的角色。
从1590年起至1613年,他一共创作了38部(一说39部)戏剧,样式包括喜剧、编年史剧、悲剧、传奇剧等,最著名的戏剧包括《罗密欧与朱丽叶》(RomeoandJuliet,1595)、《威尼斯商人》(TheMerchantofVenice,1596)、《亨利四世(上篇)》(HenryIV,PartI,1597)、《第十二夜》(TwelfthNight,1600)、《哈姆雷特》(Hamlet,1601)、《奥赛罗》(Othello,1604)、《李尔王》(KingLear,1605)、《麦克白》(Macbeth,1606)、《冬天的故事》(Winter’sTale,1610)、《暴风雨》(TheTempest,1612)等。
莎士比亚还创作有154首十四行诗和7首长诗。
1613年,莎士比亚返回故乡,三年后病逝。
莎士比亚的同代戏剧家本·琼生的“他不属于一个时代,而是属于永远”的赞词,多少表达了数百年来莎士比亚在世界文明和文学中的地位。
Hamlet
《哈姆雷特》提要
丹麦国王新死,在国外求学的王子哈姆雷特回国奔丧,参加的却是母后与叔父克劳迪斯的婚礼。
模样似先王的鬼魂在夜间出现,告诉哈姆雷特是克劳迪斯阴谋杀害了他。
哈姆雷特立志为父复仇。
他开始装疯,有意疏远恋人奥菲莉娅;他请来戏班,按他所写的剧本演出王后与情夫合谋杀害国王的故事,以刺探克劳迪斯的反应。
后者有所警觉,便派人将哈姆雷特送往英国,并指使差人带信,让英王处决哈姆雷特。
但阴谋败露,哈姆雷特回国,得知奥菲莉娅因失恋神经失常溺水而亡。
奥菲莉娅的哥哥雷厄提斯愤怒提出与哈姆雷特决斗,而克劳迪斯则为两人安排了一场击剑比赛,设计让雷厄提斯用沾了毒药的剑将哈姆雷特刺死。
比赛中,哈姆雷特被毒剑刺中,雷厄提斯也受了致命伤,王后误喝了克劳迪斯为哈姆雷特准备的毒酒而身亡。
雷厄提斯临死前说出真相,哈姆雷特杀死了克劳迪斯后也最终死去。
(Act3,Scene1,lines55-86)
Hamlet
Tobe,ornottobe-thatisthequestion:
Whether'tisnoblerinthemindtosuffer
Theslingsandarrowsofoutrageousfortune
Ortotakearmsagainstaseaoftroubles,
Andbyopposingendthem.Todie-tosleep-
Nomore;andbyasleeptosayweend
Theheartache,andthethousandnaturalshocks
Thatfleshisheirto.'Tisaconsummation
Devoutlytobewish'd.Todie-tosleep.
Tosleep-perchancetodream:
ay,there'stherub!
Forinthatsleepofdeathwhatdreamsmaycome
Whenwehaveshuffledoffthismortalcoil,
Mustgiveuspause.There'stherespect
Thatmakescalamityofsolonglife.
Forwhowouldbearthewhipsandscornsoftime,
Th'oppressor'swrong,theproudman'scontumely,
Thepangsofdespis'dlove,thelaw'sdelay,
Theinsolenceofoffice,andthespurns
Thatpatientmeritofth'unworthytakes,
Whenhehimselfmighthisquietusmake
Withabarebodkin?
Whowouldthesefardelsbear,
Togruntandsweatunderawearylife,
Butthatthedreadofsomethingafterdeath-
Theundiscover'dcountry,fromwhosebourn
Notravellerreturns-puzzlesthewill,
Andmakesusratherbearthoseillswehave
Thanflytoothersthatweknownotof?
Thusconsciencedoesmakecowardsofusall,
Andthusthenativehueofresolution
Issickliedo'erwiththepalecastofthought,
Andenterprisesofgreatpitchandmoment
Withthisregardtheircurrentsturnawry
Andlosethenameofaction.
(1601)
Questions
1.Whysleepissofrightening,accordingtoHamlet,sinceitcan“end”“theheartacheandthethousandnaturalshocks”?
2.Whywouldpeopleratherbearallthesufferingsoftheworldinsteadofchoosingdeathtogetridofthem,accordingtoHamlet?
3.What,afterall,makespeoplelosetheirdeterminationtotakeaction?
Pleaseexplaininrelationtotheso-calledhesitationofHamlet.
AnalysisofMajorCharactersHamlet
Hamlethasfascinatedaudiencesandreadersforcenturies,andthefirstthingtopointoutabouthimisthatheisenigmatic.Thereisalwaysmoretohimthantheothercharactersintheplaycanfigureout;eventhemostcarefulandcleverreaderscomeawaywiththesensethattheydon’tknoweverythingthereistoknowaboutthischaracter.Hamletactuallytellsothercharactersthatthereismoretohimthanmeetstheeye—notably,hismother,andRosencrantzandGuildenstern—buthisfascinationinvolvesmuchmorethanthis.Whenhespeaks,hesoundsasifthere’ssomethingimportanthe’snotsaying,maybesomethingevenheisnotawareof.TheabilitytowritesoliloquiesanddialoguesthatcreatethiseffectisoneofShakespeare’smostimpressiveachievements.
Auniversitystudentwhosestudiesareinterruptedbyhisfather’sdeath,Hamletisextremelyphilosophicalandcontemplative.Heisparticularlydrawntodifficultquestionsorquestionsthatcannotbeansweredwithanycertainty.Facedwithevidencethathisunclemurderedhisfather,evidencethatanyothercharacterinaplaywouldbelieve,Hamletbecomesobsessedwithprovinghisuncle’sguiltbeforetryingtoact.Thestandardof“beyondareasonabledoubt”issimplyunacceptabletohim.Heisequallyplaguedwithquestionsabouttheafterlife,aboutthewisdomofsuicide,aboutwhathappenstobodiesaftertheydie—thelistisextensive.
Buteventhoughheisthoughtfultothepointofobsession,Hamletalsobehavesrashlyandimpulsively.Whenhedoesact,itiswithsurprisingswiftnessandlittleornopremeditation,aswhenhestabsPoloniusthroughacurtainwithoutevencheckingtoseewhoheis.Heseemstostepveryeasilyintotheroleofamadman,behavingerraticallyandupsettingtheothercharacterswithhiswildspeechandpointedinnuendos.
ItisalsoimportanttonotethatHamletisextremelymelancholyanddiscontentedwiththestateofaffairsinDenmarkandinhisownfamily—indeed,intheworldatlarge.Heisextremelydisappointedwithhismotherformarryinghisunclesoquickly,andherepudiatesOphelia,awomanheonceclaimedtolove,intheharshestterms.Hiswordsoftenindicatehisdisgustwithanddistrustofwomeningeneral.Atanumberofpointsintheplay,hecontemplateshisowndeathandeventheoptionofsuicide.
But,despiteallofthethingswithwhichHamletprofessesdissatisfaction,itisremarkablethattheprinceandheirapparentofDenmarkshouldthinkabouttheseproblemsonlyinpersonalandphilosophicalterms.HespendsrelativelylittletimethinkingaboutthethreatstoDenmark’snationalsecurityfromwithoutorthethreatstoitsstabilityfromwithin(someofwhichhehelpstocreatethroughhisowncarelessness).
Claudius
Hamlet’smajorantagonistisashrewd,lustful,connivingkingwhocontrastssharplywiththeothermalecharactersintheplay.WhereasmostoftheotherimportantmeninHamletarepreoccupiedwithideasofjustice,revenge,andmoralbalance,Claudiusisbentuponmaintaininghisownpower.TheoldKingHamletwasapparentlyasternwarrior,butClaudiusisacorruptpoliticianwhosemainweaponishisabilitytomanipulateothersthroughhisskillfuluseoflanguage.Claudius’sspeechiscomparedtopoisonbeingpouredintheear—themethodheusedtomurderHamlet’sfather.Claudius’sloveforGertrudemaybesincere,butitalsoseemslikelythathemarriedherasastrategicmove,tohelphimwinthethroneawayfromHamletafterthedeathoftheking.Astheplayprogresses,Claudius’smountingfearofHamlet’sinsanityleadshimtoevergreaterself-preoccupation;whenGertrudetellshimthatHamlethaskilledPolonius,ClaudiusdoesnotremarkthatGertrudemighthavebeenindanger,butonlythathewouldhavebeenindangerhadhebeenintheroom.HetellsLaertesthesamethingasheattemptstosoothetheyoungman’sangerafterhisfather’sdeath.Claudiusisultimatelytoocraftyforhisowngood.InActV,sceneii,ratherthanallowingLaertesonlytwomethodsofkillingHamlet,thesharpenedswordandthepoisonontheblade,Claudiusinsistsonathird,thepoisonedgoblet.WhenGertrudeinadvertentlydrinksthepoisonanddies,HamletisatlastabletobringhimselftokillClaudius,andthekingisfelledbyhisowncowardlymachination.
Gertrude
FewShakespeareancharactershavecausedasmuchuncertaintyasGertrude,thebeautifulQueenofDenmark.TheplayseemstoraisemorequestionsaboutGertrudethanitanswers,including:
WassheinvolvedwithClaudiusbeforethedeathofherhusband?
Didsheloveherhusband?
DidsheknowaboutClaudius’splantocommitthemurder?
DidsheloveClaudius,ordidshemarryhimsimplytokeepherhighstationinDenmark?
DoesshebelieveHamletwhenheinsiststhatheisnotmad,ordoesshepretendtobelievehimsimplytoprotectherself?
DoessheintentionallybetrayHamlettoClaudius,ordoesshebelievethatsheisprotectingherson’ssecret?
Thesequestionscanbeansweredinnumerousways,dependinguponone’sreadingoftheplay.TheGertrudewhodoesemergeclearlyinHamletisawomandefinedbyherdesireforstationandaffection,aswellasbyhertendencytousementofulfillherinstinctforself-preservation—which,ofcourse,makesherextremelydependentuponthemeninherlife.Hamlet’smostfamouscommentaboutGertrudeishisfuriouscondemnationofwomeningeneral:
“Frailty,thynameiswoman!
”(I.ii.146).ThiscommentisasmuchindicativeofHamlet’sagonizedstateofmindasofanythingelse,buttoagreatextentGertrudedoesseemmorallyfrail.Sheneverexhibitstheabilitytothinkcriticallyabouthersituation,butseemsmerelytomoveinstinctivelytowardseeminglysafechoices,aswhensheimmediatelyrunstoClaudiusafterherconfrontationwithHamlet.Sheisatherbestinsocialsituations(I.iiandV.ii),whenhernaturalgraceandcharmseemtoindicatearich,roundedpersonality.Attimesitseemsthathergraceandcharmareheronlycharacteristics,andherrelianceonmenappearstobehersolewayofcapitalizingonherabilities.
(Act2,Scene2,Lines1-78)
《哈姆雷特》赏析
《哈姆雷特》大约完成于1601年。
它首先是一出情节跌宕起伏的复仇悲剧,其中最引人入胜的,就是哈姆雷特的“犹豫”:
他一再拖延复仇的行动,直到剧情发展的最后关头。
戏剧一开始,就有鬼魂出现,把克劳迪斯谋害先王的事告知哈姆雷特,一场复仇如箭在弦上。
然而,哈姆雷特担心这是“魔鬼”作怪,或是因自己丧父而起的忧郁所致,所以没有轻信鬼魂之言,而是试图通过观察克劳迪斯对一出“戏中戏”的反映,自己来确定他是否就是元凶。
他本可以乘克劳迪斯在忏悔时将他杀死,却又出与宗教考虑,不愿在此时下手,把对方送入天堂。
直到他和雷厄提斯比剑,母后误喝了克劳迪斯原为他准备的毒酒死去,他才奋力劈出复仇的一剑,自己也最终在这场血腥的复仇中倒下。
莎士比亚在《哈姆雷特》中,塑造了许多栩栩如生、令人难忘的人物形象:
深邃、忧郁、爱憎分明的哈姆雷特、忠于友情、真诚正直的贺拉修、痴情柔弱的奥菲莉娅、自信可笑却又不乏世俗智慧的波洛涅斯、阴险狡诈的克劳迪斯,甚至包括那两个在别人的坟头插科打诨的掘墓人,都是世界文学宝库中形象分明的人物角色。
不过,真正构成《哈姆雷特》的精华部分的,是剧中哈姆雷特十数段或长或短的“独白”。
它们全面而完整地勾画了悲剧主人公的心路历程,反映了当时人们对社会、人生、自我、善恶、正义与腐败、美好与丑恶等的思考,也正是这些独白,使《哈姆雷特》具备了深刻的人文主义精神和深邃的思想,超越了同时代一般意义上的复仇悲剧。
选篇出自第3幕第一场,是数百年来《哈姆雷特》中最为脍炙人口的独白之一。
哈姆雷特听到父亲死讯、得知母亲与克劳迪斯的迅速成婚之后万分震惊,又无法采取任何手段为父亲复仇,便立刻想到以自杀来了却一切烦恼和痛苦。
可一想到人死虽如同睡眠,进入的却是一个有去无回的未知境界,哈姆雷特便开始犹豫不决,不知到底该怎么办了。
选段反映了西方传统中人对“死亡”的好奇沉思和对未知世界的恐惧,这样的好奇和恐惧也构成了哈
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