美国纽约州律师资格考试复习笔记 证据法.docx
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美国纽约州律师资格考试复习笔记 证据法.docx
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美国纽约州律师资格考试复习笔记证据法
Evidence(33Qs)
Issuesidentifiedinpractice:
✧Judicialnotice:
司法认知
∆generallyknowninthejurisdictionorcapableofreadyandaccuratedetermination;
∆incivilcase,conclusivelyestablished(mandatory);and,incriminal,maybetakenbyjury(discretionary)
✧Impeachmentbycharacterforuntruthfulness(reputation/opinion,badact,priorconviction)rehabilitation
✧Incivilfraudcase,priorfraudispermittedeitherforcharacterevidence(?
?
)orforprovingintent
✧Businessrecords:
judgemayexcludebusinessrecordsif(i)sourceofinformationlackstruthfulness,(ii)nofirst-handknowledge,(iii)purposedtoprovewhathappenedornot(forpotentiallitigation)(note:
thisitem(iii)isokayinNY)
✧Dyingdeclaration:
incriminalcase,victimmustdiebecausedyingdeclarationisadmissibleonlyinhomicidecase(ifvictimisnotdead,nohomicidecase).Watchforattemptedmurder
MiniReview:
1.Characterevidence
✧Criminalcase:
(1)Prosecutorcan’tintroducebadcharacterforthepurposeofprovingactioninconformitywithcharacter;
(2)Disallowedtointroducegoodcharactertoproveheactedinconformitywithgoodcharacter;
(3)IfDprovidedgoodcharacterevidence,Prosecutorisallowedtoshowbadcharacterevidence(reputationandopinion)andcross-examinationofcharacterwitnessbymeansofintrinsicevidenceof“specificact”
(4)Evidenceofothercrimesareinadmissibleforconformitypurpose,butlikelyadmissibleforMIMICpurpose;
(5)IfDtakesthestand,PmayimpeachDwithcharacterevidenceofuntruthfulness.
✧Civilcase:
(1)Youcan’tintroducecharacterevidencetoshowconformity;
(2)Characterevidencemaybeintroducedforotherpurposes,suchasnegligenthiring/entrustment,defamation,fraud,andMIMIC…;
(3)Watchforthedifferencebetweencharacterevidenceandhabitevidence.
2.Impeachment
✧Priorinconsistentstatement
∆Extrinsicevidenceallowed
∆Impeachedwitnessmustbegivenopportunitytocomment,beforeoraftertheofferofsuchextrinsicevidence
✧Bias
∆Extrinsicevidenceallowed
∆Witnessmustbecross-examinedforthefactsshowingbias/interestpriortointroductionofextrinsicevidence
✧Priorcrimeconviction(10yearslimitationforFRE)
∆Involvingdishonesty/falsestatement
∆Otherfelonybalancetest
∆Extrinsicevidencebymeansofconvictionrecord
✧Priorbadact–onlyintrinsicevidenceallowed,noaskingaboutarrest
✧Untruthfulness
∆Reputation/opinion
∆Specificevidenceonlybycross-examination,ifdenied,noextrinsicevidence
3.Hearsay(note,partyadmissionisnonhearsayunderFRE)
a)Method:
hearsay?
priorinconsistentstatement,priorconsistentstatement,effectuponpeople,verbalactexception
b)Prioridentification(nonhearsayunderFRE)
c)Presentsenseimpression
d)Excitedutterance
e)Medicaltreatmentstatement
f)Bizrecords
g)Formertestimony
h)Dyingdeclaration
i)Partyadmission:
vicariousadmission(employee,partner,co-conspirator),adoptiveadmission
I.Relevance相关性
A.LogicalRelevance(Probativeness)
1.Standardofadmissibility–doestheevidencehaveanytendencytomakeamaterialfactmoreorlessprobablethanitwouldbewithouttheevidence(relatetotime/person/event)是不是和争议的人,事,或者时间有关
2.Exceptionswhereadmissible–similaroccurrences相似事件通常具有较小的相关性
a.Prioraccidentsorclaims
(i)P’sprioraccidenthistory–inadmissible;EXCEPT
(a)Provecommonplan&schemeoffraud;or原告以前提出过类似的欺诈性/错误的诉讼请求
(b)WhencauseofP’sdamagesisinissue确定是否有因果关系
(ii)D’spriorconditions–ONLYinvolvingthesameinstrumentalityorcondition,andoccurringundersubstantiallysimilarcircumstances,toprove:
由同样条件引起的相似事故或者伤害
(a)Existenceofadangerouscondition
(b)Dhadpriornotice
(c)Causation
b.Intentisissue–drawinferenceofintentfrompriorconducte.g.genderdiscrimination意图或者思想状态
c.Similarsalestoestablishvalue价值
d.HabitEvidence–toinferapersonactedontheoccasionatissue特定性和经常性
(i)Dispositionevidence–NOTadmissible
(ii)PriorActevidence(propensity)–NOTadmissible
(iii)Habit–Admissible(keywords–always,invariably,automatically,instinctively)
(a)particularity;AND(b)frequency(judge’sdiscretionhowoftenisenough)
*NYDistinctions–HabitEvidence(moresuspicious)
1.Personalhabitonissueofduecareinnegligent–INADMISSIBLE
2.Personalhabitinuseofproduct–Admissible(inproductsliabilitycase)
e.IndustrialorBusinessRoutine(businesshabit)–admissible工商业惯例
f.IndustrialCustomasStandardofcare(whatdoothersimilarcompanieddo)行业惯例
B.JudicialDiscretionaryExclusion法官行使自由裁量权排除的相关性证据
1.Probativevalueissubstantiallyoutweighedbydangerof–
(1)dangerofunfairprejudice;
(2)confusionofissues;(3)misleadingthejury;(4)unduedelay;(5)wasteoftime;(6)undulycumulative
2.NOT–unfairsurprise这个不是!
!
C.PublicPolicyBasedExclusion因为公共政策原因而被排除的证据
1.LiabilityInsurance
a.Notadmissibletoshownegligence//abilitytopay
b.EXCEPTIONS
(i)proveownershiporcontrol(whendisputed,getlimitinginstructions);OR证明所有权,控制权
(ii)impeachment–biasduetointerest证明有无偏见或者利益关系--如保险理赔人员作为证人
2.SubsequentRemedialMeasure
a.Notadmissibletoshownegligence/culpableconduct/productordesigndefect/needforwarning
b.EXCEPTIONS
(i)proveownershipofcontrol(whendisputed);OR
(ii)rebutorimpeachaclaimthatprecautionswerenotfeasible(whenfeasibilityisdisputed)采取预防措施的可行性
c.Subsequentremedialmeasuresby3rdparties–admissible弹劾证人--声称产品不可能更好
*NYDistinctions–SubsequentRemedialMeasures(StrictLiabilitycase)
1.ManufacturingDefects–Admissibletoestablishdefectivenessofproductwhenmade
2.BUT,designdefectORharacterEvidence
3.fertopaymedicalexpensesareAdmissibleon.isdisputedastovalidityoramountfailuretowarn–NOTadmissible(exceptforfeasibilitydispute)
3.Settlements
a.CivilCases
(i)Notadmissible–evidenceofasettlementofoffertosettle,toproveliabilityorweakenotherparty
(ii)Notadmissible–statementsoffactmadeincourseofsettlement不能分离事实
(iii)Requirements(atthetimeofsettlementdiscussion)
(a)Theremustbeaclaim–ifsomeoneadmitsbeforeclaim,it’sadmissible;AND必须对方当事人有迹象已经提出了权利主张(并不需要很正式),否则就构成承认
(b)Theremustbeadisputeastoliabilityoramount必须对责任或者数额有争议–ifDadmitstofullliability,it’sadmissible
(iv)EXCEPT–forimpeachment
b.CriminalCases已经撤回的有罪承认
(i)Offertopleadguilty–Notadmissible(allcriminal&subsequentcivilcasesbasedonsamefacts)
(ii)Withdrawnguiltyplea–Notadmissible(allcriminal&subsequentcivilcasesbasedonsamefacts)
(iii)Pleaofnolocontendere(Nocontest)不反驳承认
(iv)Statementsmadeduringthecourseofnegotiation
NYDistinctions–Withdrawnguiltypleas
Admissibleinsubsequentcivillitigationbasedonsamefactsaspartyadmission.
4.OffertopayMedicalExpenses可以分离事实
a.Notadmissible–toproveculpableconduct
b.BUT,admissionsoffactaccompanyinganoffertopaymedicalexpensesareAdmissible伴随的事实可作为证据
5.PriorSexualConductofVictim
a.Inanycivilorcriminalproceedinginvolvingsexualmisconduct,thefollowingisNOTadmissible
(i)Opinionorreputationaboutthevictim’ssexualpropensity,or
(ii)Evidenceofspecificsexualbehaviorofthevictim
b.Exceptions
(i)SpecificsexualbehaviortoprovesomeoneotherthatDwasthesourceofsemenorinjury;用于证明是第三人而非被告是精液,伤害的来源
(ii)Victim’ssexualactivitywithDifthedefenseofconsentisasserted;or
(iii)WhereexclusionwouldviolateD’srightofdueprocess(placedincontroversybyvictim)
*NYDistinctions–PriorSexualConduct
Convictionofprostitutionwithinlast3yearsallowed
D.CharacterEvidence品格证据
1.Purposeofcharacterevidence
a.Directevidence–person’scharacterisamaterialelementinthecivilcase(charactercanneverbeanelementincriminalcase)性格本身就是案件争议的事实
b.Circumstantialevidence–inferconductinconformitywithcharacterattimeoflitigatedevent证明性格与特定行为相一致
c.Impeachwitnesscredibility弹劾证人的可信性
2.Methodofprovingcharacter
a.Specificacts
b.Opiniontestimony
c.Reputationtestimony
3.CivilCases除非性格本身就是案件争议点,一般不允许使用
a.Circumstantialevidence–NOTadmissibletoproveconductinconformity(evencivilcaseinvolvingcriminalconduct)
b.Directevidence–admissiblewhereessentialelementofaclaimordefense(e.g.defamation,childcustody,negligenthiringorentrustment,deceit,assault/battery(forselfdefensepurpose));methods–Specificacts,Opinion,orReputation损害名誉权//有过失的委托//错误致死//决定监护权
4.CriminalCases通常只能以名誉或意见证据的形式出现,不能用特定的行为//注意和质疑证人可信性区别
a.Dprovescharacter
(i)EvidencetoproveconductinconformityisNOTadmissibleduringprosecution’scase-in-chief(D’scharactertraitisneveranelement)
(ii)BUT,Dmayintroduceevidenceofarelevantcharactertrait,whichopensthedoorforrebuttal
-Methods–Opinion&Reputation不能以过去特定行为证明
*NYDistinctions–Characterwitnessincriminalcases
OnlyREPUTATIONascircumstantialevidenceisallowed–bothforD&prosecution
b.Prosecution’sRebuttal–whenDopensdoor(onlythroughcharacterwitness),prosecutionmay:
(i)Cross-examiningcharacterwitness(specificacts)–inquiringD’srelevantspecificacts(butcannotprovethemintrial)thatreflectadverselyonparticularcharactertraitintroducedbyD–toimpeachcharacterwitness;and/or可以就被告特定行为质证,但不能引入外部证据
(ii)Callingitsowncharacterwitness(opinionorreputation)–tocontradictD’switness
*NYDistinctions–Prosecutionrebuttalagainstcharacterwitness
1.Cross-examining–canonlybegintoask“Haveyouheard”
2.Callingownwitness–introduce
(1)reputationevidence;and
(2)introductionofpriorconvictionswhichreflectadverselyonthecharactertraitinissue.
c.Victim’sCharacter–SELF-DefenseCase
(i)Dmayintroducevictim’sBADcharacter(opinionorreputat
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