语言学名词解释.docx
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语言学名词解释.docx
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语言学名词解释
语言学名词解释
Definethefollowingterms:
1. designfeature:
arefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguages,suchasarbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,culturaltransmission,etc.
2. function:
theuseoflanguagetocommunicate,tothink,etc.Languagefunctionsinclucleimformativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,emotivefunction,phaticcommunion,recreationalfunctionandmetalingualfunction.
3. etic:
atermincontrastwithemicwhichoriginatesfromAmericanlinguistPike’sdistinctionofphoneticsandphonemics.Beingeticmansmakingfartoomany,aswellasbehaviouslyinconsequential,differentiations,justaswasofterthecasewithphoneticvx.phonemicanalysisinlinguisticsproper.
4. emic:
atermincontrastwitheticwhichoriginatesfromAmericanlinguistPike’sdistinctionofphoneticsandphonemics.Anemicsetofspeechactsandeventsmustbeonethatisvalidatedasmeaningfulviafinalresourcetothenativemembersofaspeechcommunithratherthanviaqppealtotheinvestigator’singenuithorintuitionalone.
5. synchronic:
akindofdescriptionwhichtakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent),asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind.
6. diachronic:
studyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.
7. prescriptive:
thestudyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.
8. prescriptive:
akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsareprescribedhowoughttobe,i.e.layingdownrulesforlanguageuse.
9. descriptive:
akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsarejustdescribed.
10. arbitrariness:
onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothefacethattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.
11. duality:
onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofarecomposedofelementsofthesecondary.levelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.
12. displacement:
onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichmeanshumanlanguageenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentcintimeandspace,atthemomentofcommunication.
13. phaticcommunion:
onefunctionofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothesocialinteractionoflanguage.
14. metalanguage:
certainkindsoflinguisticsignsortermsfortheanalysisanddescriptionofparticularstudies.
15. macrolinguistics:
heinteractingstudybetweenlanguageandlanguage-relateddisciplinessuchaspsychology,sociology,ethnograph,scienceoflawandartificialintelligenceetc.Branchesofmacrolinguisticsincludepsycholinguistics,sociolinguistics, anthropologicallinguistics,et
16. competence:
languageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules.
17. performance:
theactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituation.
18. langue:
thelinguisticcompetenceofthespeaker.
19. parole:
theactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics(utterances).
20. Articulatoryphonetics:
thestudyofproductionofspeechsounds.
21. Coarticulation:
akindofphoneticprocessinwhichsimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationsareinvolved..Coarticulationcanbefurtherdividedintoanticipatorycoarticulationandperseverativecoarticulation.
22. Voicing:
pronouncingasound(usuallyavoweloravoicedconsonant)byvibratingthevocalcords.
23. Broadandnarrowtranscription:
theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalledbroadtranscription;theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalledbroadtranscription;while,theuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetailisreferredtoasnarrowtranscription.
24. Consonant:
aresoundsegmentsproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.
25. Phoneme:
theabstractelementofsound,identifiedasbeingdistinctiveinaparticularlanguage.
26. Allophone:
anyofthedifferentformsofaphoneme(eg.
27. Vowl:
aresoundsegmentsproducedwithoutsuchobstruction,sonoturbulenceofatotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived.
28. Mannerofarticulation;intheproductionofconsonants,mannerofarticulationreferstotheactualrelationshipbetweenthearticulatorsandthusthewayinwhichtheairpassesthroughcertainpartsofthevocaltract.
29. Placeofarticulation:
intheproductionofconsonants,placeofarticulationreferstowhereinthevocaltractthereisapproximation,narrowing,ortheobstructionofair.
30. Distinctivefeatures:
atermofphonology,i.e.apropertywhichdistinguishesonephonemefromanother.
31. Complementarydistribution:
therelationbetweentowspeechsoundsthatneveroccurinthesameenvironment.Allophonesofthesamephonemeareusuallyincomplementarydistribution.
32. IPA:
theabbreviationofInternationalPhoneticAlphabet,whichisdevisedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationin1888thenithasundergonganumberofrevisions.IPAisacomprisedsystememployingsymbolsofallsources,suchasRomansmallletters,italicsuprighted,obsoleteletters,Greekletters,diacritics,etc.
33. Suprasegmental:
suprasegmentalfeaturesarethoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprincipalsupra-segmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,tone,,andintonation.
34. Suprasegmental:
aspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprinciplesuprasegmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,tone,andintonation.
35. morpheme:
thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.
36. compoundolymorphemicwordswhichconsistwhollyoffreemorphemes,suchasclassroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.
37. inflection:
themanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandcase,whichdonotchangethegrammaticalclassofthestemstowhichtheyareattached.
38. affix:
thecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme(therootorstem).
39. derivation:
differentfromcompounds,derivationshowstherelationbetweenrootsandaffixes.
40. root:
thebasefromofawordthatcannotfurtherbeanalyzedwithouttotallassofidentity.
41. allomorph:
;anyofthedifferentformofamorpheme.Forexample,inEnglishthepluralmorthemeisbutitispronounceddifferentlyindifferentenvironmentsas/s/incats,as/z/indogsandas/iz/inclasses.So/s/,/z/,and/iz/areallallomorphsofthepluralmorpheme.
42. Stem:
anymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.
43. boundmorpheme:
anelementofmeaningwhichisstructurallydependentontheworlditisaddedto,e.g.thepluralmorphemein“dog’s〞.
44. freemorpheme:
anelementofmeaningwhichtakestheformofanindependentword.
45. lexeme:
Aseparateunitofmeaning,usuallyintheformofaword(e.g.〞doginthemanger〞)
46. lexicon:
alistofallthewordsinalanguageassignedtovariouslexicalcategoriesandprovidedwithsemanticinterpretation.
47. grammaticalword:
wordexpressinggrammaticalmeanings,suchconjunction,prepositions,articlesandpronouns.
48. lexicalword:
wordhavinglexicalmeanings,thatis,thosewhichrefertosubstance,actionandquality,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andverbs.
49. open-class:
awordwhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimited,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andmanyadverbs.
50. blending:
arelativelycomplexformofcompounding,inwhichtwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword,orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.
51. loanvoord:
aprocessinwhichbothformandmeaningareborrowedwithonlyaslightadaptation,insomecases,toehphonologicalsystemofthenewlanguagethattheyenter.
52. loanblend:
aprocessinwhichpartoftheformisnativeandpartisborrowed,butthemeaningisfullyborrowed.
53. leanshift:
aprocessinwhichthemeaningisborrowed,buttheformisnative.
54. acronym:
ismadeupformthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganization,whichhasaheavilymodifiedheadword.
55. loss:
thedisappearanceoftheverysoundasamorphemeinthephonologicalsystem.
56. back-formation:
anabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongformalreadyinthelanguage.
57. assimilation:
thechangeofasoundasaresultoftheinfluenceofanadjacentsound,whichismorespecificallycalled.〞contact〞or〞contiguous〞assimilation.
58. dissimilation:
theinfluenceexercised.Byonesoundsegmentuponthearticulationofanother,sothatthesoundsbecomelessalike,ordifferent.
59. folketymology:
achangeinformofawordorphrase,resultingfromanincorrectpopularnationoftheoriginormeaningofthetermorfromtheinfluenceofmorefamiliartermsmistakenlytakentobeanalogous
60. category:
partsofspeechandfunction,suchastheclassificationofwordsintermsofpartsofspeech,theidentificationoftermsofpartsofspeech,theidentificationoffunctionsofwordsintermofsubject,predicate,etc.
61. concord:
alsoknownasagreement,istherequirementthattheformsoftwoormorewordsinasyntacticrelationshipshouldagreewitheachotherintermsofsomecategories.
62. syntagmaticrelationbetweenoneitem
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