business English商务英语.docx
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business English商务英语.docx
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businessEnglish商务英语
1.TheconceptofBusinessEnglish
ThusBusinessEnglishisobviouslysuchEnglishasisusedinmercantiletransactions.BusinessEnglishisespeciallyrelatedtointernationaltrade.Manynon-nativeEnglishspeakersstudybusinessEnglishwiththegoalofdoingbusinesswithEnglish-speakingcountries,orwithcompanieslocatedinnon-nativeEnglish-speakingareaswhicharestillusingEnglishassharedsecondlanguageorlinguafranca.
Teachingaim:
Afterstudyingthiscourse,thestudentsmay:
1.obtainthekeytipsformakingbusinessrelations;
2.studytheprofessionalbusinesslanguagepoints;
3.masterkeywordsandsentencesinbusinesscontact,andmakeconversationsoninquiry,offer,counter-offer.
BusinessEnglishreferstothecommunicationskillsusedintheworkplace,andfocusesonthelanguageandskillsneededfortypicalbusinesscommunicationsuchaspresentations,negotiations,meetings,smalltalk,socializing,correspondence,contract,writing,andsoon.
Inconclusion,BusinessEnglishreferstotheEnglishusedinbusinesscorrespondenceandactivities.Togiveitamoredetaileddefinition,businessEnglishincludesOrdinaryBusinessEnglishandSpecializedBusinessEnglish.TheformercoversvariousEnglishbooks,magazines,newspapersandsoon.SpecializedBusinessEnglishonlyincludesdocuments,laws,regulations,letters,specializedtheoriesandpracticeinbusinessactivities.SpecializedBusinessEnglishdistinguishesfromOrdinaryBusinessEnglishinsomeaspects.
Grouphomework:
Nextweek,everygroupmustgiveoneconversationsbasedontheproductsoftheirgroup:
Mr.SmithfromacompanyinAmericacomestoaChinesetradecompanyforthepricesoftheirproducts.Mr.Liuismeetingwithhim.PLUSMr.Liugivestheiroffer,andMr.Smithmakesacounter-offer.(Acounter-offerisanindirectrefusaloftheoriginaloffer.)
2.FeaturesofBusinessEnglish
BusinessEnglishlanguageisnowwidelyusedintheeconomyarea.ItisdifferentfromnormalEnglishlanguage,whichcanbeseenfromlexicalfeatures,syntacticfeaturesandwordingfeatures.Basedontheselinguisticfeatures,thetranslationmethodsofbusinessEnglisharedifferentfromnormalones.Here,somenewtranslationtechniquesofbusinessEnglishwillbeintroduced.
2.1.LexicalAnalysisofBusinessEnglish
ThebusinessEnglish’slexisisdifferentfromnormalEnglish’slexis,whichcanbeseenfromthefollowingaspects.
2.1.1.UseofAbbreviations
Theword‘abbreviation’,strictlymeansashorteningorabridgment,commonlyreferstoaletteroragroupofletterstakenfromasinglewordorphrase,andusedforbrevity’ssake,torepresentthatwordorphrase.
InbusinessEnglish,abbreviationsareveryoftenusedtosavespaceandtime.ThisconformstotheconcisenesscharacteristicofbusinessEnglish.However,whenweusetheabbreviations,weshouldknowtheirmeaningsandknowwheretheyareappropriate.InbusinessEnglish,mostabbreviationshavethefixedmeanings.
1)InternationalTradeTerms
FOB(=freeonboard)
CIF(=cost,insuranceandfreight)
2)InternationalTradeAbbreviations
F.A.Q(=fairaveragequality)
3)AbbreviationsandSimplifiedWordsCommonlyUsedinCablesandTelexes
PLS(=please)
ASAP(=assoonaspossible)
4)CountryCodes
CN(=China)
US(=UnitedStates)
AbbreviationsofbusinessEnglishhaveaspecialsysteminexpressiondifferentfromtheoneofdailyEnglish.IfweflouttheuniquecharacteristicsofbusinessEnglishabbreviationstorenderthosefrequentlyusedabbreviations,itisimpossibletoservesuccessfullyfortheinternationaltrade.
2.1.2.UseofCompounds
ManycompoundsareusedinbusinessEnglish,whichcanberarelyseeninotherwrittenstyles.
Vacuum-packed
Encouragementpolicy
Thereon
Whereof
2.1.3.UseofFormalWords
Let’slookatthefollowingexamplefirst.
"Thiscontractcanonlyaltered,amendedorsupplementedinaccordancewithdocumentssignedandsealedbyauthorizedrepresentativesofbothparties."
Here,manyformalwordssuchasamend,supplement,documents,authorize,representativesareused.
InbusinessEnglish,formalwordsareveryoftenusedtoachieveaformaltone.Suchexamplesaremoreoftenfoundinbusinesscontracts.Forinstance,
1)Thedraweeisrequiredtopaythebillacertainnumberofdaysaftersight.
‘Require’ismoreformalthan‘need’.
2)Withregardtothepayee,thedrawermayuseoneofthefollowingmethods.
‘Withregardto’ismoreformalthan‘about’.
Wemaylistmoreexamplesasfollows:
Intheeventof/if
Forthepurposeof/for
Priorto/before
Infavorof/for/to
Supplement/addto
Certify/prove
Inaccordancewith/by
2.1.4.UseofTechniqueTerms
BusinessEnglishiscloselyrelatedtothespecialfieldofknowledge.Therefore,therearealotoftechniquetermsinbusinessEnglish.
Insuchashortdialogue,wecanseemanyvocabulariesofeconomyandtrading,suchasbudget,debt,arbitration,investment,cashflowandsoon.Inordertocompletelyunderstandthisdialogue,weshouldfirstunderstandthosetechnicalterms.So,tolearnbusinessEnglish,weshouldalsolearntherelatedknowledge.
2.1.5.UseofShootandSimpleVerbs
Manybusinesspeoplefeelthatsimplewordsaremoreimpressivethanthosepompousones.Readersmaygetlostinthemazeoflongwordsandoftenmissthemeaning.So,shootandsimpleverbsareoftenusedinbusinessEnglish.Forexample,
Prefer‘approval’to‘approbation’
Prefer‘improve’to‘ameliorate’
Prefer‘consider’to‘giveconsiderationto’
2.2.SyntacticFeaturesofBusinessEnglish
2.2.1.SentenceLength
Generally,longandcomplicatedsentencesaremoredifficultforthereadertounderstandthanshorter,simpleones.Longsentencescanmakebusinesslettersclumsyanddifficulttoreadandthushinderclearcommunication.Whileshortonesareeasytoorganizeandarecomparativelycasualandcolloquial.Shortsentencesareoftenusedindailyandunofficialbusinesscorrespondence.Forexample,
1)Plsquoteasrequestedinourinquirysheetyourlowestpriceandstatetheearliestdeliverydate.
3)PlsquoteusCIFNewYorkincluding3%confirmation.
2)Wearereadytoofferyou5%discountaccordingtousualpractice.
However,itisdifferentinlegalbusinessdocumentssuchascontracts.Theofficiallegaldocumentsemphasizethelogicline.Weneedtoexpressclearlynotonlythekeymeaningbutalsotheexceptionsorlessvitalissues.Thusitisunavoidableforthosedocumentstouselongandcomplexsentences.Forexample,
"Byirrevocable,transferable,anddivisiblebanker’sacceptanceletterofcredittocoverthetotalvalueofeachmonthly(orlotof)shipmentasstipulatedabove,tobeavailablebydrafts,at…dayssight,toreachthesellerswithin…daysafterreceiptoftheseller’sadviceandtoremainvalidfornegotiationinChinauntilthe15thdayaftershipment."
Atranslatorshouldbearinmindthestylisticrequirementsofdifferentstylesandchoosethemostproperexpression.
2.2.3.UseofStrongOpeningSentences
Inmanybusinessletters,wecanseethesentencesarealwayswrittenstrongly,goingstraighttothepointandexpressingthesubjectoftheletter,insteadofmakingsomelong-windedreferencestothecorrespondencereceived.
Let’scomparethefollowingexamples.
Version1:
LongandWeak
Togiveyouageneralideaofourproducts,weencloseacompletesetofleafletsshowingvariousproductsbeinghandledbythiscorporationwithdetailedspecificationsandmeansofpacking.
Version2:
ConciseandStrong
Weencloseacompletesetofleafletsforyoutohaveageneralideaofourproducts.
Fromtheaboveexamples,wemaynoticethatstrongopeningsentencesaremorestraightforwardandconcise.Americansbusinesspeoplemaintainthatthespokenstyleusedinbusinesslettersproducesafriendlieratmosphere.Justlikeexamplesofversion2,thestrongopeningsentencebearscolloquialcharacteristics,whicharedirect,short,andclear.Thiskindofopeningsentencesenablesthereaderstograspthemainpurportofaletterwithinashorttime.
2.3.WordingFeaturesofBusinessEnglish
2.3.1.UseofthePresentTense
BusinessEnglishoftenusesthepresenttensetoemphasizeanactual,principledandeffectivemode.Othertensesareusedasnecessarycomplementarities.Forexample,
"Ifyouhavechildren,domakeapointtobuyabottleforthem.Abottleof300tabletswilllastamonth,anditpaysineverywaytomakeaninvestmentinhealthandbodybuilding.Ifyoufeelaswedothatthisisafairandadvantageousproposition,pleasesimplyfillouttheenclosedordercardandmailitinthepostage-paidenvelopeprovided."
2.3.2.MoreUsesoftheActiveVoice
InbusinessEnglish,theactivevoiceismoreoftenusedthanthepassivevoice.Astheactivevoiceemphasizeseither‘party’involvedinabusinessactivity.Forexample,
Althoughweareappreciativeyourtrialorderfor100dozenVocuumFlasks,weregretthatweareunabletoconsideryourrequestforpaymentunderD/A(DOCUMENTSAGAINSTACCEPTANCE)terms,thereasonbeingthatwegenerallyaskforpaymentbyletterofcredit.
2.3.3.MoreUsesoftheDirectWaytoExpressMeaning
Let’scomparetwoexamplesfirst.
Version1:
Recordyourcheck-inandcheck-outtimesattheoffice.
Version2:
Yourcheck-inandcheck-outtimesaretoberecordedattheoffice.
Fromtheabovetwosentences,wecanseethatversion1ismoredirectthanversion2buthavethesameeffecttoexpressthemeaning.
2.3.4.UseofCourteousTone
I’vepointedinthepriorpartthatoneofthemostimportantfunctionsofbusinessEnglishiscommunication.Asforcommunication,peopleshouldpayattentiontothepoliteness.Especially,inbusiness
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