表现主义和荒诞派戏剧.docx
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表现主义和荒诞派戏剧.docx
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表现主义和荒诞派戏剧
表现主义和荒诞派戏剧
Expressionismwasamodernistmovement,initiallyinpoetryandpainting,originatinginGermanyatthebeginningofthe20thcentury.Itstypicaltraitistopresenttheworldsolelyfromasubjectiveperspective,distortingitradicallyforemotionaleffectinordertoevokemoodsorideas.[1][2]Expressionistartistssoughttoexpressmeaning[3]oremotionalexperienceratherthanphysicalreality.[3][4]
Expressionismwasdevelopedasanavant-gardestylebeforetheFirstWorldWar.ItremainedpopularduringtheWeimarRepublic,[1]particularlyinBerlin.Thestyleextendedtoawiderangeofthearts,includingpainting,literature,theatre,dance,film,architectureandmusic.
Thetermissometimessuggestiveofemotionalangst.Inageneralsense,painterssuchasMatthiasGrünewaldandElGrecoaresometimestermedexpressionist,thoughinpracticethetermisappliedmainlyto20th-centuryworks.TheExpressionistemphasisonindividualperspectivehasbeencharacterizedasareactiontopositivismandotherartisticstylessuchasnaturalismandimpressionism
Originoftheterm
Whilethewordexpressionistwasusedinthemodernsenseasearlyas1850,itsoriginissometimestracedtopaintingsexhibitedin1901inParisbyanobscureartistJulien-AugusteHervé,whichhecalledExpressionismes.[6]ThoughanalternateviewisthatthetermwascoinedbytheCzecharthistorianAntoninMatějčekin1910,astheoppositeofimpressionism:
"AnExpressionistwishes,aboveall,toexpresshimself...(anExpressionistrejects)immediateperceptionandbuildsonmorecomplexpsychicstructures...Impressionsandmentalimagesthatpassthroughmentalpeoplessoulasthroughafilterwhichridsthemofallsubstantialaccretionstoproducetheirclearessence[...and]areassimilatedandcondenseintomoregeneralforms,intotypes,whichhetranscribesthroughsimpleshort-handformulaeandsymbols."[7]
Expressionismisnotoriouslydifficulttodefine,inpartbecauseit"overlappedwithothermajor'isms'ofthemodernistperiod:
withFuturism,Vorticism,Cubism,SurrealismandDada."[11]RichardMurphyalsocomments:
"thesearchforanall-inclusivedefinitionisproblematictotheextentthatthemostchallengingexpressionistssuchasKafka,[Gottfried]BennandDöblinweresimultaneousthemostvociferous"anti-expressionists."[12]
What,however,canbesaid,isthatitwasamovementthatdevelopedintheearlytwentieth-centurymainlyinGermanyinreactiontothedehumanizingeffectofindustrializationandthegrowthofcities,andthat"oneofthecentralmeansbywhichexpressionismidentifiesitselfasanavante-gardemovement,andbywhichitmarksitsdistancetotraditionsandtheculturalinstitutionasawholeisthroughitsrelationshiptorealismandthedominantconventionsofrepresentation."[13]Moreexplicitly:
thattheexpressionistsrejectedtheideologyofrealism.[14]
Thetermreferstoan"artisticstyleinwhichtheartistseekstodepictnotobjectiverealitybutratherthesubjectiveemotionsandresponsesthatobjectsandeventsarousewithinaperson."[15]ItisarguablethatallartistsareexpressivebuttherearemanyexamplesofartproductioninEuropefromthe15thcenturyonwardwhichemphasizeextremeemotion.Suchartoftenoccursduringtimesofsocialupheaval,suchastheProtestantReformation,GermanPeasants'War,EightYears'War,andSpanishOccupationoftheNetherlands,whentherape,pillageanddisasterassociatedwithperiodsofchaosandoppressionarepresentedinthedocumentsoftheprintmaker.Oftentheworkisunimpressiveaesthetically,[citationneeded]yethasthecapacitytocausetheviewertoexperienceextremeemotionswiththedramaandoftenhorrorofthescenesdepicted.
ExpressionismhasbeenlikenedtoBaroquebycriticssuchasarthistorianMichelRagon[16]andGermanphilosopherWalterBenjamin.[17]AccordingtoAlbertoArbasino,adifferencebetweenthetwoisthat"Expressionismdoesn'tshuntheviolentlyunpleasanteffect,whilebaroquedoes.Expressionismthrowssometerrific'fuckyou's,baroquedoesn't.Baroqueiswell-mannered."[18]
AmericanExpressionism[22]andAmericanFigurativeExpressionism,particularlytheBostonfigurativeexpressionism,[23]wereanintegralpartofAmericanmodernismaroundtheSecondWorldWar。
MajorfigurativeBostonExpressionistsincluded:
KarlZerbe,HymanBloom,JackLevine,DavidAronson.TheBostonfigurativeExpressionistspostWorldWarIIwereincreasinglymarginalizedbythedevelopmentofabstractexpressionismcenteredinNewYorkCity.
AfterWorldWarII,figurativeexpressionisminfluencedworldwidealargenumberofartistsandstyles.ThomasB.Hesswrotethat"the‘Newfigurativepainting’whichsomehavebeenexpectingasareactionagainstAbstractExpressionismwasimplicitinitatthestart,andisoneofitsmostlinealcontinuities."[24]
NewYorkFigurativeExpressionism[25][26]ofthe1950srepresentedNewYorkfigurativeartistssuchasRobertBeauchamp,ElainedeKooning,RobertGoodnough,GraceHartigan,LesterJohnson,AlexKatz,GeorgeMcNeil(artist),JanMuller,FairfieldPorter,GregorioPrestopino,LarryRiversandBobThompson.
LyricalAbstraction,Tachisme[27]ofthe1940sand1950sinEuroperepresentedbyartistssuchasGeorgesMathieu,HansHartung,NicolasdeStaëlandothers.
BayAreaFigurativeMovement[28][29]representedbyearlyfigurativeexpressionistsfromtheSanFranciscoareaElmerBischoff,RichardDiebenkorn,andDavidPark.Themovementfrom1950to1965wasjoinedbyTheophilusBrown,PaulWonner,JamesWeeks,HasselSmith,NathanOliveira,BruceMcGaw,JayDeFeo,JoanBrown,ManuelNeri,FrankLobdell,JoanSavoandRolandPeterson.
AbstractExpressionismofthe1950srepresentedAmericanartistssuchasLouiseBourgeois,HansBurkhardt,MaryCallery,NicolasCarone,WillemdeKooning,JacksonPollock,PhilipGuston,andothers[30][31]thatparticipatedwithfigurativeexpressionism.
IntheUnitedStatesandCanada,LyricalAbstractionbeginningduringthelate1960sandthe1970s.CharacterizedbytheworkofDanChristensen,PeterYoung,RonnieLandfield,RonaldDavis,LarryPoons,WalterDarbyBannard,CharlesArnoldi,PatLipskyandmanyothers.[32][33][34]
Neo-expressionismwasaninternationalrevivalstylethatbeganinthelate1970sandincludedartistsfrommanynations:
Literature
TwoleadingExpressionistjournalspublishedinBerlinwereDerSturm,publishedbyHerwarthWaldenstartingin1910,[35]andDieAktion,whichfirstappearedin1911andwaseditedbyFranzPfemfert.DerSturmpublishedpoetryandprosefromcontributorssuchasPeterAltenberg,MaxBrod,RichardDehmel,AlfredDöblin,AnatoleFrance,KnutHamsun,ArnoHolz,KarlKraus,SelmaLagerlöf,AdolfLoos,HeinrichMann,PaulScheerbart,andRenéSchickele,andwritings,drawings,andprintsbysuchartistsasKokoschka,Kandinsky,andmembersofDerblaueReiter.Inprose,theearlystoriesandnovelsofAlfredDöblinwereinfluencedbyExpressionism,[36]andFranzKafkaissometimeslabelledanExpressionist.[37]
OskarKokoschka's1909playlet,Murderer,TheHopeofWomenisoftentermedthefirstexpressionistdrama.Init,anunnamedmanandwomanstrugglefordominance.Themanbrandsthewoman;shestabsandimprisonshim.Hefreeshimselfandshefallsdeadathistouch.Astheplayends,heslaughtersallaroundhim(inthewordsofthetext)"likemosquitoes."Theextremesimplificationofcharacterstomythictypes,choraleffects,declamatorydialogueandheightenedintensityallwouldbecomecharacteristicoflaterexpressionistplays.TheGermancomposerPaulHindemithcreatedanoperaticversionofthisplay,whichpremieredin1921.
Expressionismwasadominantinfluenceonearly20th-centuryGermantheatre,ofwhichGeorgKaiserandErnstTollerwerethemostfamousplaywrights.OthernotableExpressionistdramatistsincludedReinhardSorge,WalterHasenclever,HansHennyJahnn,andArnoltBronnen.ImportantprecursorsweretheSwedishplaywrightAugustStrindbergandGermanactoranddramatistFrankWedekind.Duringthe1920s,ExpressionismenjoyedabriefperiodofpopularityinAmericantheatre,includingplaysbyEugeneO'Neill(TheHairyApe,TheEmperorJonesandTheGreatGodBrown),SophieTreadwell(Machinal)andElmerRice(TheAddingMachine).
Expressionistplaysoftendramatisethespiritualawakeningandsufferingsoftheirprotagonists.SomeutiliseanepisodicdramaticstructureandareknownasStationendramen(stationplays),modeledonthepresentationofthesufferinganddeathofJesusintheStationsoftheCross.AugustStrindberghadpioneeredthisformwithhisautobiographicaltrilogyToDamascus.Thesesplaysalsooftendramatisethestruggleagainstbourgeoisvaluesandestablishedauthority,frequentlypersonifiedbytheFather.InSorge'sTheBeggar,(DerBettler),forexample,theyounghero'smentallyillfatherravesabouttheprospectofminingtherichesofMarsandisfinallypoisonedbyhisson.InBronnen'sParricide(Vatermord),thesonstabshistyrannicalfathertodeath,onlytohavetofendoffthefrenziedsexualoverturesofhismother.
InExpressionistdrama,thespeechiseitherexpansiveandrhapsodic,orclippedandtelegraphic.DirectorLeopoldJessnerbecamefamousforhisexpressionisticproductions,oftensetonstark,steeplyrakedflightsofstairs(havingborrowedtheideafromtheSymbolistdirectoranddesigner,EdwardGordonCraig.
AmongthepoetsassociatedwithGermanExpressionismwereGeorgeTrakl,GottfriedBenn,GeorgHeym,ElseLasker-Schüler,ErnstStadler,andAugustStramm.T.S.EliothasalsobeenlabeledanExpressionist.[38]
SomefurtherwritersandworksthathavebeencalledExpressionistinclude:
Novelists:
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- 表现主义 荒诞派 戏剧