本科英美概况第十周 Chapter 10 Land and People.docx
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本科英美概况第十周 Chapter 10 Land and People.docx
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本科英美概况第十周Chapter10LandandPeople
本科英美概况第十周Chapter10LandandPeople
###
ThefoundationandsourceofthelegalauthorityunderlyingtheexistenceoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaandtheFederalGovernmentoftheUnitedStates.
ItprovidestheframeworkfortheorganizationoftheUnitedStatesGovernment.Thedocumentdefinesthethreemainbranchesofthegovernment:
ThelegislativebranchwithabicameralCongress,anexecutivebranchledbythePresident,andajudicialbranchheadedbytheSupremeCourt.
Besidesprovidingfortheorganizationofthesebranches,theConstitutioncarefullyoutlineswhichpowerseachbranchmayexercise.
Italsoreservesnumerousrightsfortheindividualstates,therebyestablishingtheUnitedStates'federalsystemofgovernment.Itistheshortestandoldestwrittenconstitutionofanymajorsovereignstate.
ThefederalgovernmentoftheUnitedStatesisthecentralUnitedStatesgovernmentalbody,establishedbytheUnitedStatesConstitution.Thefederalgovernmenthasthreebranches:
thelegislative,executive,andjudicial.
Throughasystemofseparationofpowersandthesystemof"checksandbalances,"eachofthesebrancheshassomeauthoritytoactonitsown,someauthoritytoregulatetheothertwobranches,andhassomeofitsownauthority,inturn,regulatedbytheotherbranches.
ThepoliciesofthefederalgovernmenthaveabroadimpactonboththedomesticandforeignaffairsoftheUnitedStates.Inaddition,thepowersofthefederalgovernmentasawholearelimitedbytheConstitution,which,pertheTenthAmendment,givesallpowernotdirectedtotheNationalgovernment,totheStatelevel,ortothepeople.
TheseatofthefederalgovernmentisinthefederaldistrictofWashington,D.C.
###TheWhiteHouse
###WashingtonMonument
WashingtonMonumentwithAmericanflagscirclingthemonument.
AloneamongtheFoundersoftheUnitedStates,GeorgeWashingtonearnedthetitle"FatherofhisCountry"inrecognitionofhisleadershipinthecauseofAmericanindependence.
AppointedcommanderoftheContinentalArmyin1775,hemoldedafightingforcethatwonindependence.
In1787asPresidentoftheConstitutionalConvention,hehelpedguidethedeliberationstoformagovernmentthathaslastedformorethan200years.TwoyearslaterhewasunanimouslyelectedthefirstPresidentoftheUnitedStates.
###CapitalHill
###LincolnMemorial
###TheStatueofLiberty,waspresentedtotheUnitedStatesby"thepeopleofFrance"in1886.StandingonLibertyIslandinNewYorkHarbor,itwelcomesvisitors,immigrants,andreturningAmericanstravelingbyship.
###ItsLand
TheUnitedStatesofAmericaisafederalrepubliconthecontinentofNorthAmerica.
The50U.S.statesvarywidelyinsizeandpopulation.ThelargeststatesinareaareAlaskaat1,717,854sqkm,followedbyTexas,andCalifornia.
ThesmalleststateisRhodeIsland.
ThestatewiththelargestpopulationisCaliforniafollowedbyTexas,andNewYork.
1.TheMountains
TheRockyMountainsstretchmorethan4,800kilometers(3,000miles)fromnorthernmostBritishColumbia,inCanada,toNewMexico,intheUnitedStates.
TheAppalachianMountainsareavastsystemofmountainsineasternNorthAmerica.
TherangeismostlylocatedintheUnitedStates,butextendsintosoutheasternCanada.TheAppalachianMountainsusuallyincludeareasinthestatesofKentucky,Tennessee,Virginia,Maryland,WestVirginia,andNorthCarolina,aswellassometimesextendingasfarsouthasnorthernGeorgiaandwesternSouthCarolina,asfarnorthasPennsylvania,andasfarwestassouthernOhio.
TheGreatSmokyMountainsareportionoftheAppalachianMountainsystem,inwesternNorthCarolinaandeasternTennessee.
TheGreatSmokyMountainsNationalPark,andpartsofseveralnationalforestsarelocatedhere.Themountainsarenamedforthesmoke-likehazecharacteristicoftheregion.
MountRushmore,isamonumentalgranitesculpture,locatedinSouthDakota.ThePresidentialMemorialrepresentsthefirst150yearsofthehistoryoftheUnitedStatesofAmericawith60-footsculpturesoftheheadsofformerUnitedStatespresidents(lefttoright):
GeorgeWashington(1732–1799),ThomasJefferson(1743–1826),TheodoreRoosevelt(1858–1919),andAbrahamLincoln(1809–1865).
###ThelakesandRivers
Waterfeatures,includinglakes,rivers,andcoastlines,haveplayedanimportantroleinthedevelopmentoftheUnitedStates.
1.MississippiRiver
AsNorthAmerica’slongestriver,theMississippiRiverflows3,770kmfromitssourceatLakeItasca,Minnesota,toitsmouthattheGulfofMexico.
2.OhioRiver
TheOhioRiverisoneofthemaintributariesoftheMississippiRiver,drainingthenorthernportionsoftheAppalachianMountainsandtheMidwest.
3.TennesseeRiver
TennesseeRiverdrainsmuchofthesouthernAppalachianMountainsbeforeitjoinstheOhioRiverinwesternKentucky.
4.MissouriRiver
MissouriRiverisamajortributaryoftheMississippi.ItsdrainagebasinencompassesmostofthenorthernGreatPlainsregion.
5.ColoradoRiver
OriginatingintheRockyMountainsofColorado,theColoradoRiverextendsfor2,330kmtotheGulfofCaliforniainMexico.
###ThelargecitiesinUSA
Duringthesettlementofthenation,immigrantsmovedwestwardacrosstheUnitedStatesandfoundarichandvariednaturalenvironment.
LargeCitiesintheUnitedStates(P.148)
TheUnitedStateshasdozensofmajorcities,including11ofthe55globalcitiesofalltypes—withthree"alpha"globalcities:
NewYorkCity,LosAngeles,andChicago.
1.NewYork
2.LosAngeles
3.Chicago
###ItsPeople
In2006theU.S.CensusBureauestimatedthattheUnitedStatespopulationhadreachedamilestone:
300millionpeople.
ThispopulationcountmakestheUnitedStatesthethirdmostpopulouscountryintheworld,afterChinaandIndia.
Nearly5percentoftheEarth’sinhabitantsliveintheUnitedStates.Historically,thisnationhasattractedvastnumbersofimmigrantsfromaroundtheglobe.
ThepopulationoftheUnitedStateshasbecomeincreasinglydiverseinethniccomposition,characteristics,language,andreligion.
##CultureDiversity
AlthoughAmerica’scultureisbecomingmoreuniform,itssocietyremainsadiversemixofethnic,racial,andreligiousgroups.
TheUnitedStatesisapluralisticsociety,meaningitiscomposedofmanynationalities,races,religions,andcreeds.
TheUnitedStatesiscertainlyoneofthemostdiversecountriesoftheworld,bothfromaculturalandanenvironmentalperspective.ThelandthatisnowtheUnitedStateswashometodiversecultureswhenthefirstEuropeansandAfricansarrived.
ItwasinhabitedbyavarietyofNativeAmericanpeopleswhospokemorethan300differentlanguages.TheEuropeansandAfricansaddedtheirownvaryingculturestothisdiversity.
The13coloniestheyfoundedalongtheeasternseaboardbecametheUnitedStatesinthelate18thcentury.
Duringthefollowingcentury,thenewnationaddedhugechunksofterritory,andmillionsofimmigrantsarrived,mainlyfromEuropeandespeciallyduringtheyearsfrom1860to1914.
AsecondmigrationoccurredintheSouthwest,whereHispanicspushednorthwardfromMexico,leavinganindelibleimprint.
Inaddition,slaveswerebroughtfromAfricatoworkonagriculturalestatesintheSouth,wheretheyformedalargepercentageofthepopulation.
Percent(%)GeneralDemographicsofEntireUSAPopulation
EthnicCategory
Sex/Gender
Females
Males
Total
HispanicorLatino
6.43
6.18
12.6
NotHispanicorLatino
44.60
42.86
87.40
EthnicCategoryTotalofAllSubjects*
51.00
49.00
100
RacialCategories
AmericanIndian/AlaskaNative
0.45
0.44
0.89
Asian
1.85
1.78
3.62
NativeHawaiianorOtherPacificIslander
0.07
0.07
0.14
BlackorAfricanAmerican
6.29
6.04
12.33
White
38.33
36.83
75.16
OtherorUnknown
2.79
2.68
5.47
Twoormorerace
1.23
1.18
2.42
RacialCategories:
TotalofAllSubjects*
51.00
49.00
100
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