Chapter10曼昆经济学.docx
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Chapter10曼昆经济学.docx
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Chapter10曼昆经济学
Chapter10
Externalities
MultipleChoice
1.Whichofthefollowingisthebeststatementaboutmarkets?
a.Marketsareusuallyagoodwaytoorganizeeconomicactivity.
b.Marketsaregenerallyinferiortocentralplanningasawaytoorganizeeconomicactivity.
c.Marketsfailandarethereforenotanacceptablewaytoorganizeeconomicactivity.
d.Marketsareagoodwaytoorganizeeconomicactivityindevelopednations,butnotinless-developednations.
ANSWER:
a.Marketsareusuallyagoodwaytoorganizeeconomicactivity.
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2.Inamarketeconomy,economicactivityisguidedby
a.thegovernment.
b.businesses.
c.centralplanners.
d.prices.
ANSWER:
d.prices.
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3.Becausedecisionsinamarketeconomyareguidedbyindividualself-interest,thereis
a.astrongneedforgovernmentinterventioninthemarket.
b.lessefficiencyinmarketeconomiesthanincommandeconomies.
c.neverthelesstheabilitytoachievedesirableeconomicwell-beingforsocietyasawhole.
d.moreneedforastronglegalsystemtocontrolindividualgreed.
ANSWER:
c.neverthelesstheabilitytoachievedesirableeconomicwell-beingforsocietyasawhole.
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4.The“invisiblehand”leadsamarkettomaximize
a.producerprofitfromthatmarket.
b.totalbenefittosocietyfromthatmarket.
c.bothequityandefficiencyinthatmarket.
d.outputofgoodsorservicesinthatmarket.
ANSWER:
b.totalbenefittosocietyfromthatmarket.
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5.Intheabsenceofexternalitiestheinvisiblehandofthemarketplace
a.leadstoamarketoutcomethatmaximizestotalbenefittosociety.
b.isunabletoresolveinherentinefficienciesinthemarketsystem.
c.inducespeopletoactinamannerinconsistentwithselfinterest.
d.increasesthetransactionscostofcontractingbetweenpartiestoanexchange.
ANSWER:
a.leadstoamarketoutcomethatmaximizestotalbenefittosociety.
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6.Oneadvantagemarketeconomieshaveoverothertypesofeconomiesisthatmarketeconomies
a.provideanequaldistributionofgoodsandservicestoconsumers.
b.establishgovernmenteconomiccontrol.
c.solvetheproblemofscarcity.
d.aremoreefficient.
ANSWER:
d.aremoreefficient.
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7.Thetermmarketfailurerefersto
a.asituationinwhichthemarket,onitsown,failstoallocateresourcesefficiently.
b.anunsuccessfuladvertisingcampaignwhichreducesdemand.
c.asituationinwhichcompetitionamongfirmsbecomesruthless.
d.afirmwhichisforcedoutofbusinessbecauseoflosses.
ANSWER:
a.asituationinwhichthemarket,onitsown,failstoallocateresourcesefficiently.
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8.Marketfailurecanbecausedby
a.foreigncompetition.
b.externalities.
c.lowconsumerdemand.
d.governmentintervention.
ANSWER:
b.externalities.
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9.Anexternalityistheimpactof
a.society’sdecisionsonthewell-beingofsociety.
b.aperson’sactionsonthatperson’swell-being.
c.oneperson’sactionsonthewell-beingofabystander.
d.society’sdecisionsonthewell-beingofonepersoninthesociety.
ANSWER:
c.oneperson’sactionsonthewell-beingofabystander.
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10.Anexternalityexistswhen
a.thegovernmentintercedesintheoperationofprivatemarketsbyforcingthemarkettoadjusttothebalanceofsupplyanddemand.
b.marketsarenotabletoreachequilibrium.
c.afirmsellsitsproductinaforeignmarket.
d.apersonengagesinanactivitythatinfluencesthewell-beingofabystanderandyetneitherpaysnorreceivespaymentforthateffect.
ANSWER:
d.apersonengagesinanactivitythatinfluencesthewell-beingofabystanderandyetneitherpaysnorreceivespaymentforthateffect.
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11.Externalitiescausemarketsto
a.failtoallocateresourcesefficiently.
b.causepricetobedifferentthantheequilibriumprice.
c.benefitproducersattheexpenseofconsumers.
d.causemarketstooperatemoreequitably.
ANSWER:
a.failtoallocateresourcesefficiently.
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12.Whenexternalitiesarepresentinamarket
a.theestablishedequilibriummaximizesthetotalbenefittosocietyasawhole.
b.marketparticipantslosesomemarketbenefitstobystanders.
c.bothequityandefficiencyaremaximized.
d.themarketfailstoallocateresourcesefficiently.
ANSWER:
d.themarketfailstoallocateresourcesefficiently.
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13.Privatemarketsfailtoaccountforexternalitiesbecause
a.externalitiesdon'toccurinprivatemarkets.
b.sellersincludecostsassociatedwithexternalitiesinthepriceoftheirproduct.
c.decisionmakersinthemarketfailtotakeaccountoftheexternaleffectsoftheirbehavior.
d.thegovernmentcaneasilycorrectanyadverseeffectonthemarketthatexternalitiesmaycause.
ANSWER:
c.decisionmakersinthemarketfailtotakeaccountoftheexternaleffectsoftheirbehavior.
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14.Ifanexternalityispresentinamarket,economicefficiencymaybeenhancedby
a.increasedcompetition.
b.weakeningpropertyrights.
c.betterinformedmarketparticipants.
d.governmentintervention.
ANSWER:
d.governmentintervention.
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15.Negativeexternalitiesoccurwhenoneperson'sactions
a.causeanotherpersontolosemoneyinastockmarkettransaction.
b.causehisorheremployertolosebusiness.
c.revealhisorherpreferenceforforeign-producedgoods.
d.adverselyaffectthewell-beingofabystanderwhoisnotpartytotheaction.
ANSWER:
d.adverselyaffectthewell-beingofabystanderwhoisnotpartytotheaction.
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16.Anegativeexternality
a.isanadverseimpactonabystander.
b.causestheproductinamarkettobeunder-produced.
c.isanadverseimpactonmarketparticipants.
d.ispresentinmarketsinwhichthegoodorserviceisundesirableforsociety.
ANSWER:
a.isanadverseimpactonabystander.
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17.Whichofthefollowingillustratestheconceptofanegativeexternality?
a.Acollegeprofessorplaysavigorousgameofracquetballwiththeracquetherecentlypurchased.
b.Afloodwipesoutafarmer’sentirecorncrop.
c.Acollegestudentplayshisnewstereosystemat2:
00a.m.
d.AjanitoreatsaBigMacduringhislunchbreak.
ANSWER:
c.Acollegestudentplayshisnewstereosystemat2:
00a.m.
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18.Whennegativeexternalitiesarepresentinamarket
a.producerswillbeaffected,butnotconsumers.
b.overproductionwilloccur.
c.demandwillbetoohigh.
d.themarketwillstillmaximizetotalbenefits.
ANSWER:
b.overproductionwilloccur.
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19.WhichofthefollowingwouldNOTbeconsideredanegativeexternality?
a.Smelter,Inc.createssteelandpollutioninAnytown,U.S.A.
b.Yourfriendbuysanewpuppythatbarkseverynight.
c.Youhaveanadversereactiontoamedicationyourdoctorprescribedforyou.
d.Yourneighborbuysthemostpowerfulstereomoneycanbuyforhispatio.
ANSWER:
c.Youhaveanadversereactiontoamedicationyourdoctorprescribedforyou.
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20.OneoftheTenPrinciplesofEconomicsisthat“marketsareusuallyagoodwaytoorganizemarketbehavior.”Useoftheword“usually”doesNOTreflectthefactthat
a.somemarketsproducenegativeexternalities.
b.theinvisiblehandofthemarketplacedoesnotalwaysleadbuyersandsellerstomaximizetotalbenefittosociety.
c.somemarketsarecharacterizedbymarketfailure.
d.othertypesofeconomiesaremoreefficientthanmarketeconomies.
ANSWER:
d.othertypesofeconomiesaremoreefficientthanmarketeconomies.
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21.Whenexternalitiesexist,buyersandsellers
a.neglecttheexternaleffectsoftheiractionsbutthemarketequilibriumisstillefficient.
b.donotneglecttheexternaleffectsoftheiractionsandthemarketequilibriumisefficient.
c.neglecttheexternaleffectsoftheiractionsandthemarketequilibriumisnotefficient.
d.donotneglecttheexternaleffectsoftheiractionsandthemarketequilibriumisnotefficient.
ANSWER:
c.neglecttheexternaleffectsoftheiractionsandthemarketequilibriumisnotefficient.
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22.Dioxinemissionthatresultsfromtheproductionofpaperisagoodexampleofanegativeexternalitybecause
a.self-interestedpaperfirmsaregenerallyunawareofenvironmentalregulations.
b.therearefinesforproducingtoomuchdioxin.
c.self-interestedpaperproducerswillnotconsiderthefullcostofthedioxinpollutiontheycreate.
d.toxicemissionsaretheonlyformofanexternality.
ANSWER:
c.self-interestedpaperproducerswillnotconsiderthefullcostofthedioxinpollutiontheycreate.
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23.IfapapermanufacturerdoesNOTbeartheentirecostofthedioxinitemitsitwill
a.emitlowerlevelsofdioxinthanissociallyefficient.
b.emithigherlevelsofdioxinthanissociallyefficient.
c.emitanacceptablelevelofdioxin.
d.notemitanydioxininanattempttoavoidpayingtheentirecost.
ANSWER:
b.emithigherlevelsofdioxinthanissociallyefficient.
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24.Whenthegovernmentintervenesinmarketswithexternalitiesitdoessoto
a.increaseproductionwhennegativeexternalitiesarepresent.
b.protectinterestsofbystanders.
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