Chapter 1 Introductions to Linguistics.docx
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Chapter 1 Introductions to Linguistics.docx
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Chapter1IntroductionstoLinguistics
Chapter1IntroductionstoLinguistics
I.Choosethebestanswer.(20%)
1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman_______B___
A.contactB.communicationC.relationD.community2.Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?
AA.treeB.typewriterC.crashD.bang3.Thefunctionofthesentence―Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade.‖is_____C_____.
A.interrogativeB.directiveC.informativeD.performative
4.InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay―碎碎(岁岁)平安‖asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform?
C
A.InterpersonalB.EmotiveC.PerformativeD.Recreational
5.Whichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituationC
A.TransferabilityB.DualityC.DisplacementD.Arbitrariness
6.Studythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage?
B—Aniceday,isn’tit?
—Right!
Ireallyenjoythesunlight.
A.EmotiveB.PhaticC.PerformativeD.Interpersonal
7.______A____referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances.
A.PerformanceB.CompetenceC.LangueD.Parole8.Whenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistshearandnow.Itcouldn’tbesorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone.Thisindicatesthedesignfeatureof____C______.A.culturaltransmissionB.productivityC.displacementD.duality
9.____A______answerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage.
A.PsycholinguisticsB.AnthropologicallinguisticsC.SociolinguisticsD.Appliedlinguistics
10._______C___dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation
A.LinguistictheoryB.PracticallinguisticsC.AppliedlinguisticsD.Comparativelinguistics
II.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)
11.Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.F12.Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.F13.Speakingisthequickestandmostefficientwayofthehumancommunicationsystems.T
14.Languageiswrittenbecausewritingistheprimarymediumforalllanguages.F
15.Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,whichmeansthedetailsofanylanguagesystemcanbegeneticallytransmitted.F16.Onlyhumanbeingsareabletocommunicate.F
17.F.deSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintheearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.F
18.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’stimeisanexampleofthediachronicstudyoflanguage.F
19.Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.F
20.Allthelanguagesintheworldtodayhavebothspokenandwrittenforms.F
III.Fillintheblanks.(10%)
21.Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansof____verbal______communication.
22.Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbecombinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermed____productivity/creativity______.
23.Languagehasmanyfunctions.Wecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.Thisfunctionis_______metalingualfunction___.
24.Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthe__________theory.25.Linguisticsisthe_____scientific_____studyoflanguage.
26.Modernlinguisticsis___descriptive_______inthesensethatthelinguisttriestodiscoverwhatlanguageisratherthanlaydownsomerulesforpeopletoobserve.
27.Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyof______speech____overwriting.
28.Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa__________study.
29.Saussureputforwardtwoimportantconceptsreferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.
30.LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussure’slangueandChomsky’s______.competence____.
IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)
31.Designfeature32.Displacement33.Competence34.Synchroniclinguistics
V.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)
35.Whydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?
Canyoutelluswhatlanguagewillbeifithasnosuchdesignfeature?
(南开大学,2004)
36.Whyisitdifficulttodefinelanguage?
(北京第二外国语大学,2004)
VI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%
37.Howcanalinguistmakehisanalysisscientific?
(青岛海洋大学,1999)Key:
[Inthereferencekeys,Iwon’tgiveexamplesorfurtheranalysis.Thatseemstoomuchworkforme.Therefore,thiskeyisonlyforreference.Inordertoanswerthiskindofquestion,youneedmoreexamples.Soyoushouldreadthetextbookcarefully.–icywarmtea]I.
1~5BACCC6~10BACACII.
11~15FFTFF16~20FFFFFIII.
21.verbal22.productivity/creativity
23.metalingualfunction24.yo-he-ho25.scientific26.descriptive27.speech28.diachroniclinguistic29.langue30.competenceIV.
31.Designfeature:
Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.
32.Displacement:
Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconcepts,whicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.
33.Competence:
Itisanessentialpartofperformance.Itisthespeaker’sknowledgeofhisorherlanguage;thatis,ofitssoundstructure,itswords,anditsgrammaticalrules.Competenceis,inaway,anencyclopediaoflanguage.Moreover,theknowledgeinvolvedincompetenceisgenerallyunconscious.Atransformational-generativegrammarisamodelofcompetence.
34.Synchroniclinguistics:
Itreferstothestudyofalanguageatagivenpointintime.Thetimestudiedmaybeeitherthepresentoraparticularpointinthepast;synchronicanalysescanalsobemadeofdeadlanguages,suchasLatin.Synchroniclinguisticsiscontrastedwithdiachroniclinguistics,thestudyofalanguageoveraperiodoftime.V.35.
Dualitymakesourlanguageproductive.Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberofelements–forinstance,tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds,around48inthecaseofEnglishlanguage.Andoutofthehugenumberofwords,therecanbeastronomicalnumberofpossiblesentencesandphrases,whichinturncancombinetoformunlimitednumberoftexts.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsdonothavethisdesignfeatureofhumanlanguage.Iflanguagehasnosuchdesignfeature,thenitwillbelikeanimalcommunicationalsystemwhichwillbehighlylimited.Itcannotproduceaverylargenumberofsoundcombinations,e.g.words,whicharedistinctinmeaning.36.
Itisdifficulttodefinelanguage,asitissuchageneraltermthatcoverstoomanythings.Thus,definitionsforitallhavetheirownspecialemphasis,andarenottotallyfreefromlimitations.VI.37.
Itshouldbeguidedbythefourprinciplesofscience:
exhaustiveness,consistency,economyandobjectivityandfollowthescientificprocedure:
formhypothesis–collectdata–checkagainsttheobservablefacts–cometoaconclusion.
Chapter2SpeechSoundsI.Choosethebestanswer.(20%)
1.Pitchvariationisknownas__________whenitspatternsareonsentences.
A.intonationB.toneC.pronunciationD.voice2.Conventionallya__________isputinslashes(//).
A.allophoneB.phoneC.phonemeD.morpheme3.Anaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpare__________ofthepphoneme.
A.analoguesB.tagmemesC.morphemesD.allophones
4.Theopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoas_____B_____.
A.glottisB.vocalcavityC.pharynxD.uvula
5.Thediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownas__________diphthongs.A.wideB.closingC.narrowD.centering6.Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled_______D___.A.minimalpairsB.allomorphsC.phonesD.allophones
7.Whichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds?
B
A.AcousticphoneticsB.ArticulatoryphoneticsC.AuditoryphoneticsD.Noneoftheabove
8.Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?
A
A.[n]B.[m]C.[b]D.[p]9.Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?
B
A.[i:
]B.[u]C.[e]D.[i]10.Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating?
B
A.VoicelessB.VoicedC.GlottalstopD.Consonant
II.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)
11.Suprasegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentence.
12.Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.
13.Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.
14.[p]isavoicedbilabialstop.
15.Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.
16.Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda.
17.Whenpurevowelsormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidestakeplace.
18.Accordingtothelengthortensenes
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