高中化学教材常考实验总结及命题方式解读.docx

高中化学教材常考实验总结及命题方式解读.docx

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高中化学教材常考实验总结及命题方式解读

高中化学教材常考实验总结及命题方式解读

Thehighschoolchemistryteachingmaterialoftenteststheexperimentsummaryandthepropositionalmethodinterpretation

Thefirstmiddleschoolofyimengcountyinshandongprovincehasincreased

Preface:

theproportionofchemicalexperimentinthecollegeentranceexaminationquestionsismoreandmorebig,thecharacteristicsofthecurrentcollegeentranceexaminationtestpropositionaretwo:

oneisoutstandingexaminationexperimentofbasicknowledgeandbasicoperationability,2itistohighlightthetestexperimentinquiryabilityandithasclearrequirementsintheexamoutline.Thetextbookexperimentoftenbecomesthecarrierofexaminationstudent'sexperimentinquiryabilityproposition.Theimportanceofexperimentaltextbooksisself-evident,therefore,inviewofthepresentexperimentintheteachingmaterialdistributionismoredispersed,thepresentsituationofthestudentsaredifficulttomaster,myteacherorganizedagroupforthefinishing,nowsenttoyou.

Asolutionoftheconcentrationofacertainsubstance

TaketheexampleoftheNaOHsolutionof100ml1.00mol/L.

1,steps:

（1）

（2）weight:

4.0g（keepadecimalplaces）:

dissolve（3）（4）transfersolutionaftercoolingtoroomtemperatureinthebeaker,transfer（5）thecapacity:

thewashing（6）thedistilledwaterintothevolumetricflask,whentheliquidlevelfromascaleline1-2cm,usegluedropperheaddropswithdistilledwatertotheirlowestlevelconcaveliquidlevelandscalelineatthesamelevel（7）shake:

coverthecork,upsidedownandshakebottlelabel（8）:

indicatethenameofthedrug,concentrationonthelabel.

Instrument:

（bymeansoftheprocedure）

Traybalance,spoon,beaker,glassrod,100mLvolumetricbottle,glueheaddropper

Considerations:

（1）volumetricflask:

onlyonemeasuringline,andmarkedwithtemperatureandrangespecifications,canonlybeusedtoproducethevolumeofsolutiononthebottle.（theotherUSESoftemperatureandrangespecificationsareburette,measuringtube）

（2）commonvolumetricflask:

50mL,100mL,250mL,500mL,1000mL.If480mLand240mLofsolutionweremade,the500mLvolumetricand250mLvolumetricflaskshouldbeusedrespectively.Whenwritingtheinstrument,thecontainermustindicatethespecification,andthetraybalancecannotbewrittenasatraylibra!

（3）thebottlemustbecheckedbeforeitisused.Methods:

toaddasmallamountofwaterintothevolumetricflask,plugthecork,withyourindexfingertoresistthecork,withhisotherhandfingersholdthebottomofthebottle,thebottleupsidedowntocomeover,ifnotleak,withstand,spinthebottlestopperplugtightafter1800,upsidedownwithoutleakingagain,justcanuse.（thesplitfunnelandtheburetteshouldalsobecheckedbeforeuse.）

（4）thepropositionalAngle:

thequantityofsolidandliquidrequiredforthecalculation,themissingandthechoiceoftheinstrument,andtheanalysisoftheerroroftheexperiment.

Two,Fe（OH）3gelpreparation:

Step1:

addthesaturatedsolutionofFeCl3totheboilingwater,continuetoboiluntilthesolutionisreddishbrownandstopheating.

Operatethemainpoints:

foursteps:

firstboil,thenaddthesaturatedFeCl3solution,thenboiltoreddishbrown,andstopheating

Thechemicalequationinvolved:

Fe3++3H2OFe（OH）3（colloid）+3H+

Oneemphasisistouseequals,andthesecondistoindicatethecolloid,nottheprecipitate,andthethirdisheating.

Thesis:

thewritingoftheprocessandthecorrespondingionequation

Threeflamereaction:

Step:

wash-burn-dip-burn-burn

TheexperimentUSESplatinumorwire

Theflamecolorreactioncanbeeitherasinglesubstanceoracompound,aphysicalproperty

4,Na,theflameofK:

yellow,purple（throughbluecobaltglass）

5,asubstanceACTSasaflamecolor.Theremustbeayellowflame.TheremaybeK

PropositionalAngle:

experimentaloperationprocedureandtheflamecolorofNaandK

Four,Fe（OH）2preparation:

Experimentphenomenon:

whiteprecipitateimmediatelyconvertgraygreen,turntoreddishbrownprecipitate.

2,thechemicalequationisFe2++2OH-=Fe（OH）2+O2+2H2O=4e（OH）3

3,considerations:

（1）madeofferroussaltsolutionusedmustbenew,NaOHsolutionmustboil,

（2）undertheburetteshouldbeinsertedintotheliquid,

（2）areoftenliquidsurfacewithalayerofoilfilm,suchasbenzeneorfoodoil（topreventtheoxidationoftheoxygen）.

Propositions:

thephenomenaofpreparation,thewritingofequationsandthereasonsfortakingmeasures

Five,thepreparationofsilicicacid:

:

1,stepsinatesttubewith3to5mlNa2SiO3saturatedsolution,drip1-2dropsofphenolphthaleinsolution,reoccupychasegluedropperheaddropjoindilutehydrochloricacid,andwhileoscillation,solutiontobecomelighterincolorandclosetodisappearwhenthestop.

Phenomenon:

transparentsilicategelisformed

Chemicalequation:

NaSiO3+2HCl=H2SiO3+2NaCl（weakacidinstrongacids）

TheNaSiO3solutionisbasedonSiO32-hydrolysis,whichmakesthephenolphthaleintestliquidred.

Vi.Thetestofimportantions:

1,Cl:

addtheAgNO3solution,andaddthedilutenitricacid,ifitproduceswhiteprecipitatethatdoesnotdissolveindiluteHNO3.Orthenitricacidsolution（excludingCO32-interference）,andtheadditionofanAgNO3solution,suchasawhiteprecipitate,indicatesthepresenceofCl

2,so42-test:

addthehydrochloricacidfirst,ifthereisawhiteprecipitate,filterfirst,thenaddtheBaCl2solutioninthefiltrate,andthewhitedepositcanbeproved.Ifthereisnoprecipitation,thesolutionisputintothesolutionofBaCl2.

Angleofpropositional:

testingmethod,otherthanmiscellaneous,precipitationwashingandrelativepuritycalculation

Thelaboratorymethodofammoniagas

Howitworks:

2nnh4cl+Ca（OH）2CaCl2+2NH3

Collect:

airtothelowerair（apieceofcottontoavoidtheairconvection）

3,checkwith:

（1）putwetredlitmuspapertubemouth,ifthetestpaperturnedblue,thathasitsfullcollectionofammonia

（2）willdipinwiththeglassrodnearthetubemouthoftheconcentratedhydrochloricacid,appearalargenumberofwhitesmoke,theproofhasitsfullcollectionofammoniagas

Drymethod:

alkalilimeisdry（notwithoutwaterandcalciumchloride）

Devicediagram:

theunitofsolidandsolidheatinggasisthesameastheoxygensystem

Expansion:

ammoniaorconcentratedammoniacanbeusedtomakeammoniaeitherinlimeorcausticsoda

PropositionalAngle:

thestatusofammoniaastheonlyexperimentinthegasofhighschoolchemistryexperimentisimmeasurable.ThemainAngleis:

theprincipleofreaction,collection,dryingandexamination,andthebasisofthiskindofresearch.

Experimentwithfountains

Experimentprinciple:

ammoniaisveryeasytodissolveinwater,extrudingglueheaddropper,

Asmallamountofwatercandissolvealargeamountofammonia（1:

700）,causingthepressuretodecreaserapidlyintheflask.

Theoutsideatmospherepushesthewaterinthebeakertotheflaskabove,

SoNH3,HCl,HBr,HI,SO2,etc

Gasescandissolveinwatertoformafountain.

Experimentalphenomenon:

theproductionofredfountains（ammoniadissolvedinwaterformalkalinesolution,phenolphthaleinisshownredinalkali）

Thekeytotheexperiment:

theammoniashouldbefulloftheflaskshouldbedry

Experiment:

CO2,H2S,Cl2andotherwatercan'tformfountains,buttheycanformfountainswithNaOHsolution

Experimentsonthereactionofcopperandconcentratedsulfuricacid

Experimentprinciple:

Cu+2H2SO4

Phenomenon:

afterheating,themagentasolutioninthetesttubefades.

Orthepurplelitmustestinthetesttubeturnedred;Pourthesolutionintoabeakerofwater.Thesolutionisblackandblue.

3,thereasonexplanation:

thesubstancethatisblackisformedbytheoxidationofconcentratedsulphuricacid,CuOandthedilutesulfuricacidreactionproducesCuSO4solution.

Becausethisreactionisquick,makeuseofcopperwire,convenienttopulloutintime,reducepollution.

ThepropertiesofSO2andtheexplorationoftheproducts,"greenchemistry"andthetreatmentofexhaustgas.

10,aluminumheatreaction:

1,experimentalsteps:

putasmallamountofdryironoxideandtherightamountofaluminiumpowderinpaperfunnelaftermixing,toppedwithasmallamountofpotassiumchlorateinthemixtureofsolidandintermediateinsertedamagnesiumribbonwithsandpaper,lit.

2,theexperimentalphenomenon:

intensereactionimmediately,shine,producealotofsmokepaperfunnelwasburned,haveredstateliquidbeads,fallintotheevaporatingdishinthesand,liquidintosolidblackbeadaftercooling.

Chemicalreactionequation:

Fe2O3+2Al2Fe+Al2O3

Precautions:

（1）itisdifficulttoignitetheoxidationfilmonthesurfaceofthemagnesiumstrip.

（2）thepaperfunnelinsidetheglassfunnelisthickerandmoistenedwithwaterincasethefunnelisdamaged

（3）asmallamountoffinesandisneededforasteamingdish:

oneistopreventtheevaporationoftheevaporatingdish,andtheotheristopreventthemoltenliquidfromsplattering.

（4）don'tbetooclosetopeopletopreventinjuries.

PropositionalAngle:

experimentalprocedureandchemicalequation.

11,neutralizingtheheatexperiment（understanding）:

1,theconcept:

theheatreleasedbytheacidandalkaliwhenthereactionproduces1moleofwater

Note:

（1）acidsandbasesaretheformulaforstrongacidsandstrongbases:

h+OH=H2OdeltaH=-57.3KJ/mol

（2）thevalueisfixed,itisthesameastheheatofcombustion,becauseithasadefinitemeaning,sothewordexpressionisnotpositiveornegative.

Themeasurementofneutralizingheat:

（1）toreducetheerror,youmustensurethatthehea