loveisafallacy课后习题答案.docx
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loveisafallacy课后习题答案.docx
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loveisafallacy课后习题答案
Ⅰ.Ruskin:
JohnRuskin(1819—1900),Englishcriticandsocialtheorist,wasthevirtualdictatorofartisticopinioninEnglandduringthemid-19thcentury.RuskinattendedOxfordfrom1836to1840andwontheNewdigatePrizeforpoetry.In1843appearedthefirstvolumeofModernPainters.Thisworkelaboratestheprinciplesthatartisbasedonnationalandindividualintegrityandmoralityandalsothatartisa"universallanguage".TheSevenLampsofArchitectureappliedthesesametheoriestoarchitecture.About1857,Ruskin’sartcriticismbecamemorebroadlysocialandpolitical.InhisworksheattackedbourgeoisEnglandandchargedthatmodernartreflectedtheuglinessandwasteofmodernindustry.RuskinrspositiveprogramforsocialreformappearedinSesameandLilies(1865),TheCrownofWildOlive(1866),TimeandTide(1867),andForsClavigera(8vols.,1871--1884).Manyofhissuggestedprograms--oldagepensions,nationalizationofeducation,organizationoflabor--havebecomeaccepteddoctrine.Ⅱ.1.Thewriterhumorouslyuseswordslike"limp","flaccid"and"spongy"todescribehisessay.Nationallyhedoesn'tbelievehisessaytobebad,orelsehewouldnothavewrittennorwouldithavebeenpublished.MaxShulmaniswell-knownforhishumor.2.Thepurposeofthisessay,accordingtothewriter,istodemonstratethatlogic,farfrombeingadry,pedanticsubject,isaliving,breathing:
thing,fullofbeauty,passion,andtrauma.Logicmaybeaninterestingsubject,butitisdefinitelynotaliving,breathing,fullofbeauty,passionandtrauma.Thewriterisexaggeratingforthesakeofhumor.3.ThenarratorconsidersPeteyBurchdumbasanoxbecausehethinksPeteytobeunintelligent,anemotionalandimpressionabletypeofperson.However,Peteyrsworstfaultisthatheisafaddist,heissweptupineverynewcrazethatcomesalong.4.HedecidedtoteachPollyEspylogicbecausehewantednotonlyabeautifulwifebutalsoanintelligentone.Thenarratorwantedawifewhowouldhelptofurtherhiscareerasalawyer.HefoundPollyhadallthenecessaryqualitiesexceptintelligence.Thishedecidedtoremedybyteachingherlogic.HesucceededonlytoowellforintheendPollyrefusedtogosteadywithhimandemployedallthe"logicalfallacies"shehadbeentaughttorejecthisoffer.5.
(1)Thefallacyofaccidentiscommittedbyanargumentthatappliesageneralruletoaparticularcaseinwhichsomespecialcircumstances("accident")makestheruleinapplicable.Thisisthe"DictoSimpliciter"fallacyinthetext.
(2)Theconversefallacyofaccidentarguesimproperlyfromaspecialcasetoageneralrule.Thefactthatacertaindrugisbeneficialtosomesickpersonsdoesnotimplythatitisbeneficialtoallmen.Thisisthefallacyof"HastyGeneralization"inthetext.(3)Thefallacyofirrelevantconclusioniscommittedwhentheconclusionchangesthepointthatisatissueinthepremises.Specialcasesofirrelevantconclusionarepresentedbytheso-calledfallaciesofrelevance.Theseinclude:
(a)theargu-ment"AdHominem"(speaking"againsttheman"ratherthantotheissue,orthefallacyof*'PoisoningtheWell"mentionedinthetext)inwhichthepremisesmayonlymakeapersonalattackonapersonwhoholdssomethesis,insteadofofferinggroundsshowingwhywhathesaysisfalse;(b)theargument"AdMiserieordiam"(anappealto"pity"),aswhenatriallawyer,ratherthanarguingforhisclient'sinnocence,triestomovethejurytosympathyforhim.(4)Thefallacyofcircularargumentor"beggingthequestion"occurswhenthepremisespresume,openlyorcovertly,theveryconclusionthatistobedemonstrated(example:
"Gregoryalwaysvoteswisely.""ButhowdoyouknowBecausehealwaysvotesLibertarian.").(5)Thefallacyoffalsecausemislocatesthecauseofonephenomenoninanotherthatisonlyseeminglyrelated.Themostcommonversionofthisfallacy,called"posthoc,ergopropterhoc",mistakestemporalsequenceforcausalconnection--aswhenamisfortuneisattributedtoa"malignevent",likethedroppingofamirror.(6)Thefallacyofmanyquestionsconsistsindemandingorgivingasingleanswertoaquestionwhenthisanswercouldeitherbedivided(example:
"Doyoulikethetwins""Neitheryesnorno;butAnnyesandMaryno.")orrefusedaltogether,becauseamistakenpresuppositionisinvolved(example-"Haveyoustoppedbeatingyourwife").(7)Thefallacyof"nonSequitur"("itdoesnotfollow"),stillmoredrasticthanthepreceding,occurswhenthereisnotevenadeceptivelyplau-sibleappearanceofvalidreasoning,becausethereisavirtuallycompletelackofconnectionbetweenthegivenpremisesandtheconclusiondrawnfromthem.Ⅲ.1.Thetitleofthestoryishumorousandwellchosen.Ithastwomeanings.When"fallacy"istakeninitsordinarysense,thetitlemeans:
"Thereisadeceptiveordelusivequalityaboutlove."Whenitistakenasaspecificterminlogic,thetitlemeans."Lovecannotbededucedfromasetofgivenpremises."2.Yes,Ican.Thewholestoryissatirizingasmug,self-conceitedfreshmaninalawschool.Thefreshmanismadethenarratorofthestorywhogoesonsmuglyboastingandsingingpraisesofhimselfateverychancehecouldget.Fromtheverybeginninginparagraph4,hebeginstohelponhimselfallthebeautifulwordsofpraisehecanthink:
cool,powerful,preciseandpenetrating.AtthesametimethenarratortakeseveryopportunitytodowngradePeteyBureh.Forexample,hecallshim"dumb","nothingupstairs","'unstable","impressionable"and"'afaddist".AndasforPollyEspy,sheis"abeautifuldumbgirl",whowouldsmartenupunderhisguidance.3.Thepurposeofthisessayistodemonstratethatlogic,farfrombeingadry,pedanticsubject,isaliving,breathingthing,fullofbeauty,passion,andtrauma.Logicmaybeaninterestingsubject.Thewriterisexaggeratingforthesakeofhumor.Thewriteremploysawholevarietyofwritingtechniquestomakehisstoryvivid,dramaticandcolorful.ThelexicalspectrumiscolorfulfromtheultralearnedtermsusedbytheconceitednarratortotheinfraclippedvulgarformsofPollyEspy.Heusesfigurativelanguageprofuselyandalsogrammaticinversionforspecialemphasis.Thespeedofthenarrationismaintainedbytheuseofshortsentences,ellip-ticalsentencesanddashesthroughoutthestory.Thismixaddstotherealismofthestory,4.ThewriterdeliberatelymakesPollyEspyusealotofexclamatorywordslike"Gee,""Oo","'wow-dow"andclippedvulgarformslike"delish","marvy","sesaysh",etc.tocreatetheimpressionofasimpleandratherstupidgirl.Thiscontrastsstronglywiththeboastingofthenarratorandthushelpstoincreasetheforceofsatireandirony.5.ThenarratordoessuchafinalattempttomakePollyforgetthefallacieshehastaughther.HemayyetbeabletoconvincePollythathelovesherandthatsheshouldgosteady118withhim.6.Thetopicsentenceofparagraph50isthesecondsentence--"Hewasatornman."Thewriterdevelopstheparagraphbydescribingthebehaviorofthetornman.Inotherwords,heusesillustrativeexamplestodevelopthethemestatedinhistopicsentence.7.BecausehebeggedPolly'slove,whichwasrefused.HemightgetthesameresultasFrankenstein,whocreatedamonsterthatdestroyedhim,notasPygmalion,whowaslovedbyhisownstatueofGalatea.8.TheconclusionisironicbecausethewholethingbackfiresonthenarratorwhenPollyrefutesallhisargumentsaslogicalfallaciesbeforefinallyrejectinghim.Theendofthestoryfindsthatthenarratorhasgotwhathedeserves.Hehasbeentoocleverforhisowngood.IV.1.Thefallacyofunqualifiedgeneralizationor"adictosimpliciteraddictumsecundumquid".2.ThefallacyofHastyGeneralization.3.Thefallacyof"posthoe,ergopropterhoc".4.ThefallacyofHypothesisContrarytoFact.5.Thefallacyof"posthoc,ergopropterhoe".6.ThefallacyofAdMisericordiam.7.Thefallacyofunqualifiedgeneralization.8.ThefallacyofHaMyGeneralization.V.Seethetranslationofthetext.Vl.1.discipline:
abranchofknowledgeorlearning2.dynamo:
anearlierformforgenerator,amachinethatconvertsmechanicalenergyintoelectricalenergy3.flight:
fleeingorrunningawayfrom4.Charleston:
alivelydancein4/4time,characterizedbyatwistingstepandpopularduringthe1920's5.shed:
castofforlosehair6.intheswim:
conformingtothecurrentfashions。
oractiveinthemaincurrentofaffairs7practice:
theexerciseofaprofessionofoccupation8pin—up:
(Americancolloquialism)designatingagirlwhosesexualattractivenessmakesherasubjectforthekindofpicturesoftenpinneduponwalls9makings:
thematerialorqualitiesneededforthemakingordevelopmentofsomething-10carriage:
mannerofcarryingtheheadandbody:
physicalposturebearing:
wayofcarryingoneself:
manner11.gosteady:
(Americancolloquialism)datesomeoneoftheoppositesexregularlyandexclusively:
besweethearts12.deposit:
(facetious)put,layorsetdownl3.brief:
aconcisestatementofthemainpointsofalawcase。
usuallyfiledbycounselfortheinformationofthecourt14.1et—up:
stopping;relaxingⅦ.1.fashion和fad均为名词。
fashion主要指某人,尤其指文学、艺术界或社会上流人物在某一特定场合或时间内穿衣、讲话等方面的姿态或习惯。
fad指由某种感情引起的一时的爱好或者一时流行的风尚。
2incredulous和incredible均为形容词。
incredulous是“不轻易相信的”、“表示怀疑的”的意思,指对某人的能力或意志力持怀疑和不相信态度。
incredible是“不可相信的”意思,指某件事不平凡或不大可能存在,因而表示怀疑或不可相信。
3passion和eagerness均为名词。
passi‘on指一种强烈的愿望或感情,这种愿望或感情往往会产生一种不可抗拒的或者必然的结果。
eagerness意即“渴望”或“热情”,但往往含有不耐烦的意味。
4.feeling和emotion均是名词。
feeling在没有上下文限制的时候,往往指人们在主观上反映的一种高兴或不高兴的感觉或感情。
emotion指由于精神上或身体上受到外界某种刺激而引起的一种强烈的情感或情绪。
5.reveal和show均为动词。
reveal指公开或揭露某种秘密或隐蔽的东西,好像是揭开一种掩饰物似的。
show指某种事物或者东西“展现”在眼前,以便能看得到和看得清。
6.tempt和incline均为动词。
tempt意为“引诱”、“诱惑”,指一种强有力的诱惑,这种诱惑能克服对某一事物的顾忌或推断。
inclin
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