博士英语阅读理解.docx
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博士英语阅读理解.docx
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博士英语阅读理解
1.
Drunken-drivingsometimescalledAmerica'ssociallyacceptedformofmurder--hasbecomeanationalepidemic.EveryhourofeverydayaboutthreeAmericansonaveragearekilledbydrunkendrivers,addinguptoanincredible250,000overthepastdecade.
Adrunkendriverisusuallydefinedasonewitha0.10bloodalcoholcontentorroughlythreebeers,glassesofwineorshotsofwhiskydrunkwithintwohours.HeavydrinkingusedtobeanacceptablepartoftheAmericanmachoimageandjudgeswerelenientinmostcourts,butthedrunkenslaughterhasrecentlycausedsomanywell-publicizedtragedies,especiallyinvolvingyoungchildren,thatpublicopinionisnolongersotolerant.
Twentystateshaveraisedthelegaldrinkingageto21,reversingatrendinthe1960storeduceitto18.AfterNewJerseylowereditto18,thenumberofpeoplekilledby18-20-year-olddriversmorethandoubled,sothestaterecentlyuppeditbackto21.
Reformers,however,fearraisingthedrinkingagewillhavelittleeffectunlessaccompaniedbyeducationalprogrammestohelpyoungpeopletodevelop"responsibleattitudes"aboutdrinkingandteachthemtoresistpeerpressuretodrink.
Toughnewlawshaveledtoincreasedarrestsandtestsandinmanyareasalready,toamarkeddeclineinfatalities.Somestatesarealsopenalizingbarsforservingcustomerstoomanydrinks.AtaverninMassachusettswasfinedforservingsixormoredoublebrandiestoacustomerwhowas"obviouslyintoxicated"andlaterdroveofftheroad,killinganine-year-oldboy.
Asthefatalitiescontinuetooccurdailyineverystate,someAmericansareevenbeginningtospeakwellofthe13yearsnationalprohibitionofalcoholthatbeganin1919,whichPresidentHoovercalledthe"nobleexperiment".Theyforgetthatlegalprohibitiondidn'tstopdrinking,butencouragedpoliticalcorruptionandorganizedcrime.Aswiththeboomingdrugtradegenerally,thereisnoeasysolution.
1.DrunkendrivinghasbecomeamajorprobleminAmericabecause_____.
A)mostAmericansareheavydrinkersB)Americansarenowlessshockedbyroadaccidents
C)accidentsattractsomuchpublicityD)drinkingisasociallyacceptedhabitinAmerica
2.Whyhaspublicopinionregardingdrunkendrivingchanged?
A)Detailedstatisticsarenowavailable.B)Thenewsmediahavehighlightedtheproblem.
C)Judgesaregivingmoreseveresentences.D)Driversaremoreconsciousoftheirimage.
3.StatisticsissuedinNewJerseysuggestedthat_____.
A)manydriverswerenotoflegalageB)youngdriverswereoftenbaddrivers
C)thelevelofdrinkingincreasedinthe1960sD)thelegaldrinkingageshouldberaised
4.Lawsrecentlyintroducedinsomestateshave_____.
A)reducedthenumberofconvictionsB)resultedinfewerseriousaccidents
C)preventedbarsfromservingdrunkencustomersD)specifiedtheamountdriverscandrink
5.Whyistheproblemofdrinkinganddrivingdifficulttosolve?
A)Alcoholiseasilyobtained.B)Drinkingislinkedtoorganizedcrime.
C)Legalprohibitionhasalreadyfailed.D)Legislationaloneisnotsufficient.
2
LosAngeles-BillJoyisnotaLuddite.Heisnotafraidofnewtechnology.AsfounderandchiefscientistoftheSiliconValleyCompany,hehasbeenonthevanguardofthehighttechrevolutionfor20years.ButrecentlyJoytookaglimpseintothefutureanditscaredhimtodeath.Whathesawwasaworldinwhichhumanshavebeeneffectivelysupplantedbymachines;aworldinwhichsuperpowerfulcomputerswithatleastsomeattributesofhumanintelligencemanagetoreplicatethemselvesanddeveloptheirownautonomyandpeoplebecomesuperfluousandriskbecomingextinct.
"Itmightbearguedthatthehumanracewouldneverbefoolishenoughtohandoverallthepowertothemachines.Butwhatwedosuggestisthatthehumanracemighteasilypermititselftodriftintoapositionofsuchdependenceonthemachinesthatitwouldhavenopracticalchoicebutacceptallofthemachines'decisions.Associetyandtheproblemsthatfaceitbecomemoreandmorecomplexandmachinesbecomemoreandmoreintelligent,peoplewillletmachinesmakemoreoftheirdecisionsforthem.Eventuallyastagemaybereachedatwhichthedecisionsnecessarytokeepthesystemrunningwillbesocomplexthathumanwillbeincapableofmakingthemintellifently.Atthatstagethemachineswillbeineffectivecontrol.Peoplewon'tbeabletojustturnthemachinesoff,becausetheywillbesodependentonthemthatturningthemwouldamounttosuicide.".
Previously,Joyhaddismissedsuchscenariosassci-fifantasy,butthenhelistenedtofriendswhowereexpertsinroboticsandrealizedthatthisbravenewworldwasmuchcloserthananyofusmightimagine--ascloseas30yearsaway.ThefurtherthatJoydugintothecuttingedgeofresearchinthenewtechnologies--robotics,geneticengineeringandNantechnology--themorehorrifiedhebecame.Notonlydidheseescenariosinwhichrobotswouldliketotakeonalifeoftheirownandexterminatethehumanrace,butalsohebegantoseewaysinwhichotherstaplesofsci-fihorrormightcometopass.Specifically,robots,engineeredorganism,andNanbotsshareadangerousamplifyingfactor:
theycanself-replicate.Abombisblownonlyonce--butonerobotcanbecomemany,andquicklygetoutofcontrol.
"Ithinkitisnoexaggerationtosayweareonthecuspofthefurtherperfectionofextremeevil,anevilwhosepossibilityspreadswellbeyondthatwhichweaponsofmassdestructionbequeathedtothenation-states,ontoasurprisingandterribleempowermentofextremeindividuals.Wearebeingpropelledintothisnewcenturywithnoplan,nocontrol,nobrakes."Joyconcludes."Havewealreadygonetoofardownthepathtoaltercourse?
Idon'tbelieveso,butwearen'ttryingyet,andthelastchancetoassertcontrol--thefail-safepoint--israpidlyapproaching."
1.Accordingtothepassage,theword"Luddite"(inparagraph1,line1)means?
A)thenameofaplacewherescienceisunderdeveloped.B)thenameofacountry.
C)thenameofanorganizationwhichaimstoadvocatedevelopingthenewtechnology.
D)thenameofapartywhichprotestatdevelopingscience.
2.Fromthepassage,weknowthatitisthatscaredBillJoytodeath?
A)robotshavebeenpracticallyrunningtheworld.
B)humansareactuallyatthemercyofthemachines.
C)humansarefacingafatalsituationthatthemachinesareoutofcontrolgraduallyandthemachineswilloverwhelmthewholeworld.star.
D)humanswillbeexiledfromtheearthbythemachinesandtheyhavetoexploreanotherfixed
3.Whatdoesthesentence"Idon'tbelieveso,butwearen'ttryingyet..."(inthelastparagraph,line5)indicate?
A)Itishightimeforustogiveanendtothenewtechnologies.
B)WeshouldceasetoexploretheperilousNantechnology.
C)Humanshavetodevotethemselvestosavethewholeworldbycontainingandwreckingthemachines.handleitskillfully.
D)Itisrighttimeforhumanstodominatethehighdevelopingtechnologyeffectivelyand
4.BillJoyrealizedthesituationthat_____.
A)thedaywhentheworldcontrolledbythemachinesisjustroundthecorner
B)thehumanworldisontheedgeofanexceedingdanger
C)themachinesinthefuturewillbeasperilousasthemassdestruction
D)humansarenowontheirwit'send
5.Whichofthefollowingcanbestdescribetheauthor'sattitudetowardsthefuturerelationshipbetweenhumansandmachines?
A)Optimistic.B)Pessimistic.C)Confident.D)Indifferent.
3
Thestudyofphilosophiesshouldmakeourownideasflexible.Weareallofusapttotakecertaingeneralideasforgranted,andcallthemcommonsense.Weshouldlearnthatotherpeoplehaveheldquitedifferentideas,andthatourownhavestartedasveryoriginalguessesofphilosophers.
Ascientistisapttothinkthatalltheproblemsofphilosophywillultimatelybesolvedbyscience.Ithinkthisistrueforagreatmanyofthequestionsonwhichphilosophersstillargue.Forexample,Platothoughtthatwhenwesawsomething,onerayoflightcametoitfromthesun,andanotherfromoureyesandthatseeingwassomethinglikefeelingwithastick.Wenowknowthatthelightcomesfromthesun,andisreflectedintooureyes.Wedon'tknowinmuchdetailhowthechangesinoureyesgiverisetosensation.Butthereiseveryreasontothinkthataswelearnmoreaboutthephysiologyofthebrain,weshalldoso,andthatthegreatphilosophicalproblemsaboutknowledgearegoingtobeprettyfullyclearedup.
Butifourdescendantsknowtheanswerstothesequestionsandothersthatperplexustoday,therewillstillbeonefieldofwhichtheydonotknow,namelythefuture.Howeverexactourscience,wecannotknowitasweknowthepast.Philosophymaybedescribedasargumentaboutthingsofwhichweareignorant.Andwheresciencegivesusahopeofknowledgeitisoftenreasonabletosuspendjudgment.ThatisonereasonwhyMarxandEngelsquiterightlywrotetomanyphilosophicalproblemsthatinterestedtheircontemporaries.
Butwehavegottoprepareforthefuture,andwecannotdosorationallywithoutsomephilosophy.Somepeoplesaywehaveonlygottodothedutiesrevealedinthepastandlaiddownbyreligion,andgodwilllookafterthefuture.Othersaythattheworldisamachineandthecourseoffutureeventsiscertain,whatevereffortswemaymake,Marxistssaythatthefuturedependsonourselves,eventhoughwearepartofthehistoricalprocess.Thisphilosophicalviewcertainlydoesinspirepeopletoverygreatachiements.Whetheritistrueornot,itispowerfulguidetoaction.
Weneedaphilosophy,then,tohelpustotacklethefuture.Agnosticismeasilybecomesanexcuse
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