德意志意识形态英文.docx
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德意志意识形态英文.docx
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德意志意识形态英文
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InternationalSocialistReviewIssue33,January–February2004
THECLASSICSOFMARXISM
TheGermanIdeology
ByPhilGasper
PhilGasperisaphilosophyprofessoratNotreDamedeNamurUniversityinnorthernCalifornia.ThisisthefirstinaseriesonMarxistClassics.
THEGERMANIdeologywasthefirstworkinwhichKarlMarxandFriedrichEngelssketchedouttheframeworkforunderstandinghistoryandsocietythatwastoguidetheirtheoreticalandpracticalactivitiesfortherestoftheirlives.Thebookwaswrittenin1845—46whentheauthorswereintheirmid-twenties.BothMarxandEngelswereborninsmalltownsintheGermanRhineland–MarxinTrierin1818andEngelsinBarmentwo
yearslater.AlthoughtheRhinelandwasaprovinceofPrussia,Napoleon’sarmieshad
occupiedituntil1814,anditsintellectuallifehadthusbeendeeplyaffectedbytheideasoftheFrenchRevolution.TheseideaswereverymuchintheairasMarxandEngelsgrewup.
BecauseofGermany’seconomicandpoliticalbackwardness,whathadbeenactedoutin1practiceinFrancecametobereflectedinphilosophyinMarxandEngels’homeland.As
Marxlaterputit,"Inpolitics,theGermanshavethoughtwhatothernationshave2done."Bythe1820s,theidealistphilosophyofGeorgWilhelmFriedrichHegel,withitsemphasisonchange–inparticularhistoricalchange–hadbecomedominantinGermany.
Hegelbelievedthathistorywastobeexplainedintermsofthedevelopmentofideas,indeedthathistorywasmerelyaseriesofstagesinthedevelopmentofWorldSpiritorAbsoluteMind.ButHegel’swritingwashighlyobscureandopentodifferentinterpretations.ConservativesinterpretedhimassayingthattheemergenceofthehighlyauthoritarianPrussianstaterepresentedtheculminationofworldhistory.AfterHegel’sdeathin1831,theradicalYoungHegeliansrejectedthisconclusionasabsurdandinsteadusedhisemphasisonchangeasajustificationforthedemocratictransformationofsociety.TheyrejectedthenotionofAbsoluteMindasametaphysicalextravagance,butremainedidealistsinthesensethattheyheldthathistoricalprogresswastheresultofhumanityachievingself-understanding.
BothMarxandEngelsweremembersoftheYoungHegelianmovementinBerlinforatime–MarxwhenhewasastudentattheUniversityofBerlinandEngelswhilehewasstationedinthecityforhismilitaryservice.UnlikeMarx,whocompletedadoctorateinphilosophy,Engelsdidnotpursueformalschoolingveryfar,buthewasafinewriterandhadathoroughgraspofthelatestphilosophicalideas.Between1839and1842,Engelspublishednearly50articles,includingtwoacclaimedanonymouspamphletsinwhichhedefendedtheideasoftheYoungHegeliansagainstthereactionaryphilosophyofHegel’scontemporary,FriedrichWilhelmJosephvonSchelling.
ButMarxandEngelsweresoontobreakwiththeYoungHegelians.Initially,andindependently,theywerestronglyinfluencedbytheworkofLudwigFeuerbach,whorejectedtheidealismoftheotherYoungHegeliansandofferedamaterialistanalysisofreligion.Butevenmoreimportantly,eventstookbothMarxandEngelsawayfromtheabstractdiscussionofideasdetachedfromtherealworld.MarxreceivedhisPhDin1841,butanacademiccareerwasruledoutasanewperiodofpoliticalreactionbeganinPrussiaandtheYoungHegeliansweredenieduniversitypositions.Instead,Marxbecametheeditorofaradicalliberalnewspaper,theRheinischeZeitung.Itwasthisexperience
thatledhimtosettleaccountswithallvarietiesofHegelianism.Asonecommentatorputit,the
youngMarxisoftenportrayedashavingcometoarevolutionaryunderstandingofsocietythroughacritiqueofHegel’stextsonthestateandsociety.Thebiographicalfact,however,isthathecametothecontentofhiscritiqueoftheHegelianviewofthestate
throughayearandahalfofrubbinghisnoseagainstthesocialandpoliticalfactsoflife,whichheencounteredasthecrusadingeditorofthemostextremeleftistdemocratic3newspaperinpre-1848Germany.
Marxhimselflatercommentedonthisperiodofhislifesaying,"Iexperiencedforthefirsttimetheembarrassmentofhavingtotakepartindiscussionsonso-calledmaterial4interests."Inparticular,followingthedebatesinthePrussianparliament,herejectedtheHegelianideathatthestatewas–orcouldbe–aboveclasses.
By1843,MarxwasbeginningtorecognizethattheidealsoftheFrenchRevolution,withitscallforlibertyanddemocracy,couldneverbeachievedinasocietybasedonmaterialinequality.Formalfreedomanddemocracymightexistinsuchasociety,buttheywouldbesubvertedtotheinterestsofthosewhocontrolledthewealth.Realfreedomwasimpossibleinasocietydividedintoexploitersandexploited.Whatwasneeded,Marxconcluded,wasnotformalequalitybeforethelaw,butasocietyofgenuineequalityinwhicheconomicpowerwasnotinthehandsofaprivilegedminority.Whatwasneeded,inotherwords,wastheabolitionofprivateproperty.Thus,Marx’scommitmentto
radicaldemocracyandhumanliberationledhimtocommunism.
Marxhadalreadyreachedthematerialistconclusionthatthestartingpointforunderstandinghumansocietyisnottherealmofideas,butactualhumanbeingsandthematerialconditionsinwhichtheylive.Buthehadnotyetcometotheviewthattheworkingclasswascentraltotheprojectoftransformingsociety.Twothingsfinallybroughthimtothisconclusion.ThefirstwashismovetoParisinlate1843afterthecensorsclosedtheRheinischeZeitung.Francewaseconomicallyandpoliticallyfarmore
advancedthanGermanyandMarxcameintocontactforthefirsttimewithanorganizedworking-classmovement.ThesecondfactorwastheinfluenceofEngels.
MarxandEngelshadmetbrieflyin1842,buthadnotgotonverywell.Shortlyafterwards,EngelsleftforEnglandtoworkinhisfather’sbusinessinManchester.Bythistime,Engelsalreadyregardedhimselfasacommunist(ayearearlierthanMarx)andheimmediatelybecameinvolvedintheBritishworking-classmovementandbegantheresearchthatwastoculminateinhispath-breakingstudyTheConditionoftheWorking
ClassinEngland,eventuallypublishedin1845.Inlate1842,Engelsalsowroteanimportantarticle,"OutlinesofaCritiqueofPoliticalEconomy"whichcontainedinembryomanyoftheideasthatMarxandhewerelatertodevelopingreaterdetail.Engels’articlehadagreatinfluenceonMarx,turninghimtowardsthestudyofpoliticaleconomy.ItwasthisthatledMarxtounderstandtherevolutionaryroleoftheworkingclassintermsofitsroleinthesystemofproductionanditsabilitytoshutitdown.WhenMarxandEngelsmetagainin1844,theyfoundthemselvesincompletepoliticalagreementandbegantheirlifelongpartnership.TheycollaboratedfirstonTheHoly
Family,alongcritiqueofsomeoftheYoungHegelians,whotheyhadcometoseeaspompouswindbagswhorefusedtoparticipateinrealpoliticalactivity.Shortlyafterwards,MarxwasexpelledfromParisbytheauthoritiesandmovedtoBrussels.ItwasherethatTheGermanIdeologywaswritten,whichwasintendedtobebothafinalsettlingofaccountswiththeYoungHegeliansand,moreimportantly,anexpositionofMarxandEngels’ownviewsonmaterialism,revolutionandcommunism.Althoughmuchofthebookisconcernedwiththefirstofthesetasks,itisthesecondthatremainsofmuch5greaterinterest.
ThemaincriticismoftheYoungHegeliansisthattheywronglyholdthathumanprogressisheldbackprimarilybyillusions,mistakenideasandfalseconsciousness.Infact,thisview,minusthefancyphilosophicalunderpinnings,isstillpopular–forinstance,among
thosewhothinkthesolutiontotheenvironmentalcrisisisforindividualstoadoptsimplerlifestyles,orinamoreextremeformbythosepost-modernistswhoholdthatrealityiscreatedby"discourse."Inresponse,MarxandEngelsarguethatThisdemandtochangeconsciousnessamountstoademandtointerpretrealityinanotherway,i.e.torecognizeitbymeansofanotherinterpretation.TheYoung-Hegelianideologists,inspiteoftheirallegedly"world-shattering"statements,arethestaunchestconservatives.Themostrecentofthemhavefoundthecorrectexpressionfortheiractivitywhentheydeclaretheyareonlyfightingagainst"phrases."Theyforget,
however,thattothesephrasestheythemselvesareonlyopposingotherphrases,andthattheyareinnowaycombatingtherealexistingworldwhentheyaremerelycombatingthephrasesofthisworld.(p.41)
Insteadofstartingwithideas,societycanonlybeunderstoodandultimatelychanged,byexaminingthematerialrealitiesonwhichitisbased.
Thepremisesfromwhichwebeginarenotarbitraryones,notdogmas,butrealpremisesfromwhichabstractioncanonlybemadeintheimagination.Theyaretherealindividuals,theiractivityandthematerialconditionsunderwhichtheylive,boththosewhichtheyfindalreadyexistingandthoseproducedbytheiractivity.Thesepremisescanthusbeverifiedinapurelyempiricalway.(p.42)
Thefundamentalfactaboutrealindividualsisthattheymustengageinproductioninordertosurvive,andthisshapeseveryotheraspectoftheirlives.
Mencanbedistinguishedfromanimalsbyconsciousness,byreligionoranythingelseyoulike.Theythemselvesbegintodistinguishthemselvesfromanimalsassoonastheybegintoproducetheirmeansofsubsistence,astepwhichisconditionedbytheirphysicalorganization.Byproducingtheirmeansofsubsistencemenareindirectlyproducingtheiractualmateriallife.
Thewayinwhichmenproducetheirmeansofsubsistencedependsfirstofall
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