语言学.docx
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语言学.docx
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语言学
Lin1.AnIntroductiontoIntroducingLinguistics
XuHonghong
**MainContentsforInstruction
•1.LanguageandLinguistics
•2.Phonetics语音学
•3.Phonology音系学
•4.Morphology音位学
•5.Syntax句法学
•6.Semantics语义学
•7.Pragmatics语用学
•8.Sociolinguistics社会语言学
•9.Secondlanguageacquisition二语习得
Definitions:
Linguisticscanbedefinedasthescientificorsystematicstudyoflanguage.Itisamajorbranchofsocialscience.
Itisascienceinthesensethatitscientificallystudiestherules,systemsandprinciplesofhumanlanguage.
Linguisticsstudiesnotjustonelanguageofanysociety,butthelanguageofallhumansociety,languageingeneral.
(1)语言学是一门科学
(2)语言学和传统语文学的主要区别
(3)语言学的研究领域
Branches(scope)oflinguistics
1.Microlinguistics:
1)Phonetics(语音学)─thestudyofhumanspeechsounds;
2)Phonology(音位学)---thestudyofhowspeechsoundsfunctioninalanguage,thestudyofsoundpatterns;
3)Morphology(形态学)─thestudyoftheformationofwords;
4)Syntax(句法学)-thestudyofsentencestructure,thearrangementsofwords;
5)Semantics(语义学)─thestudyofmeaning(ofwords,ofsentences).
6)Pragmatics(语用学)-thestudyoflanguageinuse.
2.Macrolinguistics
Psycholinguistics(心理语言学)─Studiestherelationshipbetweenthelanguageandthemind;
Sociolinguistics(社会语言学)─Studiestherelationshipbetweenthelanguageandthesociety;
Historicallinguistics(历史语言学)─Studieslanguagechange;
Appliedlinguistics(应用语言学)─Studieslanguageusages.
3.Psycholinguistics
•Psycholinguisticsstudieshowhumanslearnlanguageandtherelationshipoflinguisticbehaviorandthepsychologicalprocessinproducingandunderstandinglanguage.
•Itinvolvesthestudyofspeechperception,memory,attention,andotherprocessesinlanguageuse.
•Languageisthemostinterestingtopicofpsychology.Ifwecouldexplainthelinguisticpatternsofman,wewillstandabetterchanceofexplaininghisbehavioral(关于行为的)patternsingeneral.
4.Sociolinguistics
•Sociolinguisticsstudiestheinteractionbetweenlanguageandthestructureandfunctioningofsociety.
•Thestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsocietybecomesmoreandmoreimportant.Sociolinguisticsisthemajortiebetweenthetwodisciplines.
•Sociolinguisticstakesintoaccountsuchfactorsasthesocialbackgroundsofboththespeakerandtheaddressee(i.e.theirage,gender,socialclass,ethnicbackground,etc.),therelationshipbetweenspeakerandaddressee,thecontext,andmanneroftheinteraction.
5.AppliedLinguistics
•Appliedlinguisticsbasicallyreferstotheapplicationoflinguistictheories,methods,andfindingstothestudyoflanguagelearningandteaching.
•Theappliedlinguisticsisconcernedwithsecondlanguageacquisition,curriculumandsyllabusdesign,teachingmethodology,communicativelanguageteaching,learnerandteacherroles,textbookwriting,languagetesting,EnglishforSpecificPurposes,languageplanning,Englishasagloballanguage,andawiderangeofother
1.Whystudylanguage?
•Languageissuchanintegralpartofourlifeandhumanitythattoomuchaboutithasbeentakenforgranted.
•Itisnecessarytoreconsiderhowmuchwereallyunderstandaboutthenatureoflanguageanditsroleinourlife(Atoolforcommunication).
•Peoplefindthesubjectoflanguageintriguingandusefulformanydifferentreasons.
•
2.Whatislanguage?
Languagecanmean:
1)whatapersonsays(e.g.badlanguage,expressions)
2)thewayofspeakingorwriting(e.g.Shakespeare’slanguage,Luxun’slanguage)
3)theabstractsystemunderlying(为…的基础)thetotalityofthespeech/writingbehaviorofacommunity(e.g.Chineselanguage,firstlanguage)
4)atoolforhumancommunication.(socialfunction)
5)asetofrules.(rule-governed)
ThebarestdefinitionbyHu:
“Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.”
Manyotherdefinitions:
•Languageisatoolforhumancommunication.
•Languageisasetofrulesbywhichsentencesareformed.
•Languageisaninstrumentforexpressingthoughtsorforreasoning.
Languagecanbegenerallydefinedas:
asystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.(Wardhaugh,1977).
Keywords:
system
arbitrary
vocal
symbols
human
communication
•Languageisasystem:
elementsinitarenotarrangedandcombinedrandomly,butaccordingtosomerulesandprinciples.So,languagecanbelearntandusedconsistantly.
•Example1:
Forthefollowingsounds
/s/,/t/,/i/,/l/,/p/
Possiblecombinations:
stilpplist
Impossiblecombinations:
tsliplitsp
•Example2:
Forthefollowingwords
cat,dog,the,chased,the
Possiblecombinations:
Thedogchasedthecat.
Impossiblecombinations:
Thechasedcatthedog.
•Languageisarbitrary:
inthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenthewordandtheobject.
•e.g.—flower/花
—arm/臂
—star/星
—year/年
•Vocal----theprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound,nomatterhowwelldevelopedtheirwritingsystemsare.
•Writingsystemscameintobeingmuchlaterthanthespokenforms.
•Peoplewithlittleornoliteracycanalsobecompetentlanguageusers
•
•Languageisasymbol----wordsarejustthesymbolsassociatedwithobjects,actions,ideasbyconvention.
•
•Human----languageishuman-specific.
•Humanbeingshavedifferentkindsofbrainsandvocalcapacity.
•“LanguageAcquisitionDevice”(LAD)
thatis,itisverydifferentfromthecommunicationsystemsotherformsoflifepossess,suchasbirdsongsandbeedances.
•Communication-----Aprocessinwhichinformationistransmittedfromasource(senderorspeaker)toagoal(receiverorlistener).
Linguistic2
Introductiontolanguage-features
Fundamentalviewsaboutlanguage:
*
(1)Childrenlearntheirnativelanguageswiftly,efficientlyandwithoutinstruction.(aboutLacquisition)
NoamChomsky:
Achildisbornwithalanguageacquisitiondevice(LAD:
语言习得机制),whichprepareshimforthenaturalacquisitionofhismothertongue.
*
(2)Languageoperatesbyrules.(Lisarulesystem)
e.g.phonological,morphological,syntactic,pragmaticandsocialrules.
*(3)Alllanguageshavethreemajorcomponents:
asoundsystem,asystemoflexico-grammar&asystemofsemantics.
*(4)Everyonespeaksadialect.(Lvariationacrossspace)
*e.g.localdialectofHanvs.MandarinChinese/putonghua
*(5)Languageslowlychanges.(Lvariationthroughtime)
*(6)Speakersofalllanguagesemployarangeofstylesandasetofjargons.(Stylistics)
*(7)Languagesareintimatelyrelatedtothesocietiesandindividualswhousethem.(Sociolinguistics&psycholinguistics)
*(8)Writingisderivativeofspeech.(Whichoneistheoriginalformoflanguage?
/Whichistheprimary?
)
Featuresoflanguage
Languageisuniquetoman.
Sothereareanumberoffeaturesoflanguagewhicharenotfoundinanimalcommunicationsystems.
1.Arbitrariness
*(proposedbyF.de.Saussure,Courseof
GeneralLinguistics,1916.ed.ByC.Bally)
*Definitionofarbitrariness:
Saussure:
Thelinguisticsignisarbitrary,inthat:
*word
Form≠Meaning
*Thereisnonaturalcorrespondence/relationshiporintrinsicassociationbetweentheformandthemeaningofalinguisticsign.
*e.gTheobjectinthepictureiscalled“flower”notbecausetheyhaveintrinsicassociation,butbyconvention.
*Acontroversialissue:
Onomatopoeiaisarbitraryornot?
*Onomatopoeia:
aspecialtypeofwordswhosesoundformresembles
theirmeaning/referent
theentity
theobject/objectivething
thenaturalsound/noise
described/representedbythesound.
Examples:
*creak—thesoundmadebyabadly-oileddoorwhenitopens吱吱呀呀
*cuckoo—thecallofcuckoo布谷
*bang—asuddenloudnoise哐
*buzz—thenoisemadebybees嗡嗡
*hiss—ahissingsound咝咝
*mew/mju:
/—thenoisethatcat/seagullmakes
*bleat—thesoundmadebyasheep,goatorcalf哞
Analysis:
*Onomatopoeiaarelimitedinnumberinalanguage
*Onomatopoeiaisonlyanapproximateandhalf-conventionalimitationofnaturalsounds,atmostsuggestiveofthenaturalsoundstheytrytocapture.
*Thesamenaturalsoundmayberepresentedbydifferentonomatopoeiaindifferentlanguages.
*e.g.dog’sbarkingbowwow(English)
*wangwangwang(Chinese)
*cock-a-doodle-doo(English)
*cock’scryingGe-Ge-Ge
* tinkle
*bell’snoise滴答
*Conclusion:
Onomatopoeiaindicatestheiconicity(象似性)ofaverysmallgroupoflinguisticsigns,buttheycannotnegatethegeneralfeatureofarbitrarinessoflinguisticsigns.
*Aquestionforconsideration:
*Ofthefourwordsbang,tree,meowandblackboard,whichoneistotallyarbitrary?
*Animals’cries—non-arbitrary?
*Animalscrybyinstinct.It’stheirinborn/innateabilitytocryinacertainwayincertainsituation.Theirwaysofcryingaredecidedbeforetheyareborn.
2.Duality
Definition:
*Duality:
Languageisorganizedattwolevelsorlayerssimultaneously,thatis,
1)thelevelsofdistinct(有区别的)sounds----lower/secondaryunits,meaningless
2)thelevelsofdistinctmeanings(morphemes/words/sentences/discourses)----higher/primaryunits,meaningful.
E.g:
*Soundlevel:
[b];[i];[n]
*Wordlevel:
bin;nib
→Primaryunits‘words’(meaningful)consistofsecondaryelements‘sounds’(meaningless).
*So--Languageishierarchicalandeconomical.
*
Hierarchicalsystemoflanguage
sounds→
morphemes/
words→
sentences→discourses
occurringinforms
ofsyllables;
smallestunitof
meaning;
unitofmeaning
largerunitsofmeaning
meaningless;
Limitedinnumber
(48inEnglish)
largerinnumberbut
alsolimited
evenlargerinnumberbutfinite,sowehavedictionariesofwords
infinite;
nodictionariesofsentences/discourses
secondaryunit
primary
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