专题02 阅读理解之说明文二原卷版.docx

专题02 阅读理解之说明文二原卷版.docx

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专题02阅读理解之说明文二原卷版

专题02阅读理解之说明文

（二）

一、（河北省衡水中学2021届高三联考）

Sometermite（白蚁）specieshavefiguredouthowtoenjoytheshelterofthehugecomplexneststhattheinsectsbuildwithoutcontributingtotheirconstruction.Theyavoidthefullangeroftheirbuilderhostsbybeingextremelyeasy-going.

Animalsthatliveinthenestsofanotherspecieswithoutaffectingthemareknownasinquilines.Inquilinetermitesareuniqueamongtermitesinbeingunabletomaketheirownnests.Instead,theyliveinthehallwaysbuiltbyanothertermite,Constrictotermescyphergaster.Untilnow,ithasbeenunclearhowthetwopartieskeptpeacefulinsuchtightquartersbecausetermitesaretypicallyveryaggressivetowardsoutsiders.

HelderHugoattheUniversityofKonstanzinGermanyandhiscolleaguescollectedConstrictotermescyphergaster’snestsintheBrazilianCerradoandbroughtthemintothelaboratory.Theythenplacedhostandtenant（房客）termitesineitheropenornarrowareasandusedvideototrackandrecordthewaysinwhichthetwospeciesreactedtoeachother.

Rightfromthestart,theinquiline’termitesmovedaroundlessthantheirhostsandinteractedlittlewiththem,eveninthemuchnarrowerarea.“Manytimes,”saysHugo,“whentwounrelatedgroupsareputtogetherinalimitedspace—suchasanexperimentalarea—theoutcomeisconflictwithlossesfrombothsides.”Butthatdidn’thappenhere.Despiteattacksfromhosttermites,thetenanttermiteswereobedient.Hostswouldbiteorattacktheinquilineswithstrongchemicals,buttheirtargetsneverrespondedinthesameway,choosingtoflee.Someignoredthehostscompletely.

“Wedidnotexpectthattheywouldneverfightback,”saysHugo,notingthattheinquilinesarecapableofprotectingtheirownplacewithmouths.“Bypreventingconflictgoingworse,inquilinetermitesmayconsiderablyimprovetheirchancesoflivingtogetherwiththeirhosttermitespeacefully.”

“Passivenessdoesnotnecessarilyleadtodefeat,butcanbeaveryusefulstrategy,savingenergyandresources,”sheadds.“Naturemaynotalwaysberedintoothandclaw,andaggressionisnotanymoresuccessfulastrategythan‘cowardice’（儒弱）.”

12．Whatisthefeatureoftheinquilinetermites?

A．Theyliveinanothertermitespecies’nests.

B．Theyareaggressivetowardsoutsiders.

C．Theyliketobuildtheirownnests.

D．Theyarecommunicativetenants.

13．Whatdoyoulearnabouttheexperimentinparagraph3?

A．Thedifferencesbetweenthetwospecies.

B．Thefindingsoftheobservation.

C．Thelivinghabitsoftermites.

D．Theprocessoftheresearch.

14．WhatdoesHugothinkoftheinquilinetermites’livingstrategy?

A．Aggressive.B．Unacceptable.C．Effective.D．Dangerous.

15．What’sthebesttitleforthetext?

A．TheCharacteristicsofTermites

B．PassivenessDoesn’tNecessarilyLeadtoDefeat

C．TheRelationshipBetweenHostandTenantTermites

D．TermitesUseCowardicetoAvoidTheirHosts’Anger

二、（河北省石家庄市2021届高三质检）

Storiesaresharedinmanyways.Theyaredescribedinbooksandmagazines.Theyarereadaroundthecampfireatnight.Theyarerandomlydistributedfromstand-alonebooths.Butwhatelse?

Toreviveliteratureintheeraoffastnewsandsmartphoneaddiction,ShortEdition,aFrenchpublisherofshort-formliterature,hassetupmorethan30storydispensers（分发机）intheUSAinthepastyearstodeliverfictionatthepushofabuttonatrestaurants,universitiesandgovernmentoffices.

FrancisFordCoppola,thefilmdirectorandwinemaker,likedtheideasomuchthatheinvestedinthecompanyandplacedadispenserathisCafeZoetropeinSanFrancisco.Lastmonth,publiclibrariesinsomeothercitiesannouncedtheywouldbesettingthemup,too.ThereisoneonthecampusatPennState.AfewcanbefoundindowntownWestPalmBeach,Fla.AndShortEditionplanstoannouncemore,includingattheLosAngelesInternationalAirport.

“Everythingoldisnewagain,”saidAndrewNurkin,directoroftheFreeLibraryofPhiladelphia,whichisoneofthelibrariesthatsetupthedispensers.“Wewantpeopletobeeasilyexposedtoliterature.Wewanttoadvanceliteracyamongchildrenandinspiretheircreativity.”

Here’showadispenserworks.Ithasthreebuttonsontopindicatingchoicesforstoriesthatcanbereadinoneminute,threeminutesorfiveminutes.Whenabuttonispushed,ashortstoryisprinted.

Thestoriesarefree.Theyarechosenfromacomputercategoryofmorethan100,000originalsubmissionsbywriterswhoseworkshavebeenevaluatedbyShortEdition’sjudges,andtransmittedoveramobilenetwork.Offeringscanbetailoredtospecificinterests,likechildren’sfictionorromance.ShortEditiongetsstoriesforitscategorybyholdingwritingcontests.

ShortEditionsetupitsfirstboothin2016andhas150machinesworldwide.“Theideaistomakepeoplehappy,”saidKristanLeroy,directorofShortEdition.“Thereistoomuchunhappinesstoday.”

8．Whatdoweknowaboutthestoriessentbydispensers?

A．Theyareeasilyread.

B．Theyareshortinform.

C．Theycanbeboughtfrombooths.

D．Theycanbefoundinmagazines.

9．WhichparagraphshowsthepopularityofstorydispensersinAmerica?

A．Paragraph3.B．Paragraph5.

C．Paragraph6.D．Paragraph7.

10．WhywerethestorydispenserssetupaccordingtoAndrewNurkin?

A．TointroduceFrenchliterature.

B．Togetridofsmartphoneaddiction.

C．Tomakepeoplehaveaccesstoliterature.

D．Toreducethefinancialstressoflibraries.

11．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A．EverythingOldIsNew

B．OnlineReading:

aVirtualTour

C．ShortEditionIsGettingPopular

D．TasteofLiterature,atthePushofaButton

三、（河北省石家庄市2021届高三质检）

Doyouthinkyou’resmarterthanyourparentsandgrandparents?

AccordingtoJamesFlynn,aprofessorataNewZealanduniversity,youare!

Overthecourseofthelastcentury,peoplewhohavetakenIQtestshavegottenincreasinglybetterscores---onaverage,threepointsbetterforeverydecadethathaspassed.Thisimprovementisknownas“theFlynneffect”,andscientistswanttoknowwhatisbehindit.

IQtestsandothersimilartestsaredesignedtomeasuregeneralintelligenceratherthanknowledge.Flynnknewthatintelligenceispartlyinheritedfromourparentsandpartlytheresultofourenvironmentandexperiences,buttheimprovementintestscoreswashappeningtooquicklytobeexplainedbyheredity.Sowhatwashappeninginthe20thcenturythatwashelpingpeopleachievehigherscoresonintelligencetests?

ScientistshaveproposedseveralexplanationsfortheFlynneffect.Somesuggestthattheimprovedtestscoressimplyreflectanincreasedexposuretotestsingeneral.Becausewetakesomanytests,welearntest-takingtechniquesthathelpusperformbetteronanytest.Othershavepointedtobetternutritionsinceitresultsinbabiesbeingbornlarger,healthier,andwithmorebraindevelopmentthaninthepast.Anotherpossibleexplanationisachangeineducationalstyles,withteachersencouragingchildrentolearnbydiscoveringthingsforthemselvesratherthanjustmemorizinginformation.Thiscouldpreparepeopletodothekindofproblemsolvingthatintelligencetestsrequire.

FlynnlimitedthepossibleexplanationswhenhelookedcarefullyatthetestdataanddiscoveredthattheimprovementinscoreswasonlyoncertainpartsoftheIQtest.Test-takersdidn’tdobetteronthearithmeticorvocabularysectionsofthetest;theydidbetteronsectionsthatrequiredaspecialkindofreasoningandproblemsolving.Forexample,onepartofthetestshowsasetofabstractshapes,andtest-takersmustlookforpatternsandconnectionsbetweenthemanddecidewhichshapeshouldbeaddedtotheset.AccordingtoFlynn,thisvisualintelligenceimprovesastheamountoftechnologyinourlivesincreases.Everytimeyouplayacomputergameorfigureouthowtoprogramanewcellphone,youareexercisingexactlythekindofthinkingandproblemsolvingthathelpsyoudowellononekindofintelligencetest.Soareyoureallysmarterthanyourparents?

Inoneveryspecificway,youmaybe.

12．TheFlynneffectis______.

A．notconnectedtoourexperiences

B．unknowninsomepartsoftheworld

C．anincreaseinIQtestscoresovertime

D．usedtomeasurepeople’sintelligence

13．Accordingtothearticle,newereducationaltechniquesinclude__.

A．improvingtestscores

B．exposuretomanytests

C．memorizinginformation

D．childrenfindingthingsoutthemselves

14．Whydoestheauthormentioncomputergames?

A．Toencouragethereadertodomoreexerciseinsteadofplayinggames.

B．Toexplainwhymoreandmoreyoungpeoplehavepoorvocabularies.

C．Togiveanexampleoftechnologyimprovingourvisualintelligence.

D．Toshowthefactthatyoungpeoplearenotgettingmoreintelligent.

15．WhichstatementwouldProfessorFlynnagreewith?

A．Peopletodayaretakingeasiertests.

B．Peopletodayhavemorevisualintelligence.

C．Peopletodayhavefewerproblemstosolve.

D．Peopletodayaremoreintelligentineveryway.

四、（河北省张家口市2021届高三一模）

It'seasytounderstandwhyearlyhumansdomesticateddogsastheirnewbestfriends.Domesticateddogscanguardagainstfierceanimalsandprovidewarmthduringcoldnights.Butthosebenefitsonlycomefollowingdomestication.Despitemorethanacenturyofstudy,scientistshavestruggledtounderstandwhatitwasthatcausedthedomesticationprocessinthefirstplace.

AnewtheorygivenbyMariaLahtinen,aseniorresearcher,mightbeabletoexplainthispuzzle.ShemadethistheorywhenstudyingthedietoflatePleistocenehuntergatherersinArcticandsub-ArcticEurasia.Atthattime,around20,000to15,000yearsago,theworldwasinthecoldestperiodofthelasticeage.

Incoldenvironmentsthen,astoday,humanstendedtogainthemajo